清代东北地区水灾的特征及成因分析

Analysis of the Characteristics and Causes of Flood in the Northeast China in Qing Dynasty

水灾是清代东北地区发生最频繁、危害最大的灾种。清代东北地区水灾发生频繁,晚清远远多于前清;在各种类型的水灾中,雨灾和江河洪水最多,涝灾、山洪、台风其次多,最少的是海潮和凌汛;清代水灾在时间分布上呈现出年际总体分布极不均衡,有明显的高发期和低发期;在空间分布上呈现出广域性、普遍性、不均衡性、差异性的特点。这些特征的形成既有气候变迁、地理环境等自然因素,也有人口增长、土地垦殖、森林砍伐、水利废弛等人为因素。

Abstract ： Flood is the most frequent and hardest hit species in northeast China in Qing Dynasty. There are frequent floods in the northeast of Qing Dynasty, with far more floods in the late Qing Dynasty than in the early Qing Dynas-ty. In various types of flood, rain and river floods are the most, waterlogging, mountain torrents and typhoons are the second most, the least of which are sea tide and flood season. The flood in Qing Dynasty shows a veiny uneven distri-bution in terms of time, with obvious periods of high and low occurrence. In terms of spatial distribution, it has the characteristics of wide area, universality, imbalance and difference. The fomlation of these characteristics includes natural factors such as climate change, geographical environment and so on, as well as factors such as population growth, land reclamation, deforestation and water conservancy relaxation.