简述纳米技术在脑肿瘤中的应用

Application of Nanotechnology in Brain Tumors

现代医学研究表明,在一些物理的、化学的和生物的因素持续刺激下,机体的神经细胞可能会出现异常增生,从而形成脑瘤。脑瘤是全身常见的恶性肿瘤。一般的治疗方法是脑肿瘤切除辅助化疗或放疗。手术治疗原则是尽可能的切除肿瘤,同时保护周围脑组织的结构与功能的完整。对于良性颅内肿瘤切除几乎是唯一的有效方法,对于恶性脑肿瘤也应该强化切除,但是,晚期脑肿瘤由于局部组织的浸润作用使肿瘤的界限模糊难以完全切除,同时,多形性成胶质细胞瘤(glioblastoma,GBM)对放射线的抵抗性使得化疗效果不好。纳米技术的发展及其在临床药物制备的应用为脑肿瘤治疗提供了新的思路。纳米粒子(nanoparticle,NP)一般是指尺寸在1到100纳米范围的固态胶体颗粒,又称超细微粒。纳米材料比表面积大的特殊性质使它在纳米和分子水平范围内具有特殊的功能用途。纳米粒药物已经成为非常热门的研究课题,其中大部分用于癌症的诊断和治疗。由于血脑屏障对药物进入大脑的阻碍作用,以及改变血脑屏障通透性可能会造成的严重后果,使得传统脑肿瘤的药物治疗近些年来没有得到很好的治疗效果。然而,具有靶向性的纳米药物载体的出现彻底改变了这一现状。经特异性修饰后的杂化纳米粒药物能够使药物更易透过血脑屏障,到达脑肿瘤靶部位,同时,纳米粒递药系统有着增加药物溶解度、延长药物在体内滞留时间等优点。本文旨在将纳米药物技术在脑肿瘤中的应用进行辩证性总结概括,为日后该方面的研究提供参考。

Modern medical research shows that under the continuous stimulation of some physical, chemical and biological factors, abnormal proliferation of nerve cells in the body may occur, thus forming brain tumors. Brain tumor is a common malignant tumor in the whole body. The general treatment method is brain tumor resection and adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The principle of surgical treatment is to remove the tumor as much as possible while protecting the integrity of the structure and function of the surrounding brain tissue. For benign intracranial tumors, resection is almost the only effective method. For malignant brain tumors, resection should also be intensifed. However, due to the infltration of local tissues, the boundary of the brain tumors is not clear, and it is diffcult to completely remove the advanced brain tumors. At the same time, most glioblastoma （GBM） forms resistance to radiation, which makes chemotherapy ineffective. The development of nanotechnology and its application in the preparation of clinical drugs provide new ideas for the treatment of brain tumors. Nano particles （NP） generally refer to solid colloidal particles with a size ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers, also called ultrafne particles. Due to its large specifc surface area, nano-materials have special functional applications in nano-scale and molecular level. Nanoparticle drugs have become a very hot research topic, most of which are used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Due to the blocking effect of the blood-brain barrier on the entry of drugs into the brain and the possible serious consequences of changing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, the traditional drug therapy for brain tumors has not achieved good therapeutic effect in recent years. However, the appearance of targeted nano-drug carriers has completely changed the current situation. The specifcally modifed hybrid nanoparticle drug can make the drug pass through the blood-brain barrier more easily and reach the target site of brain tumor. At the same time, the nanoparticle drug delivery system has the advantages of increasing drug solubility and prolonging drug retention time in the body. The purpose of this article is to summarize the application of nano-drug technology in brain tumors dialectically, aiming to provide reference for future research in this feld.