萨摩亚的妇女、文化与政治参与

Women,Culture and Political Participation in Sāmoa

以萨摩亚为个案探讨文化造成的结构性障碍如何阻碍妇女对地方政府和国会政治进程的参与。在太平洋岛屿地区各国议会中,女性议员比例普遍偏低,约为6.1%。对这一现象加以研究的绝大多数成果——如果不是全部的话——均大而化之地谈到了"文化"因素,却未进一步分析何种文化层面阻碍了妇女的政治参与。在接受教育程度和在专业性、管理性、技术性岗位就业方面,萨摩亚妇女已不再逊色于男性,而且存在一些捐助者组织的鼓励女性参选的选前活动。但1962年以来,在有49个议员名额的国会中,女性议员席位从未超过5个。对这一悖论的解释可从萨摩亚的"马塔伊制度"和乡村政府、妇女在乡村社会组织中扮演妻子的角色定位以及萨摩亚主要基督教派的夫权制结构等几个方面展开。

In this is study with Sāmoa as a case,the structural obstacles caused by culture have been studied to discuss how they impede women's participation in the political processes of local government and parliament in Sāmoa.In the parliaments of the countries in the Pacific Islands region,the percentage of women senators(about 6.1%)is generally low.Most of the results with this phenomenon as a subject of study,if not all,have referred to"culture"factors in a careless way,but have not further analyzed which cultural dimension really hindered women's political participation.In such aspects as degree of education and employment in professional,administrative and technical posts,women in Sāmoa are no longer inferior to men.And there are some pre-election activities organized by contributors to encourage women to participate in elections.However,in the parliament with 49 seats of senators,the seats of woman senators have never been more than 5 since 1962.The paradox is explained in our present article from such aspects as Sāmoa's"matai system"and village government,women's role definition as wives in village social organizations,as well as the masculine system structure of Sāmoa's major Christian denominations.