外部影响与内在理路:百年变局视野下的中国铁路改革开放历程

External Demands and Internal Motivations: The History of China's Railway Reform and Opening-up in the View of Centennial Changes

铁路史不能简化为线路延展史,也不能泛化为铁路社会史,其真正研究对象应该是铁路系统及其运行,具体而言,包括铁路系统的自身运转和铁路系统与国家社会需求的双向互动两大问题。按此认识,改革开放以来中国铁路发展历程可以分为改革起步(1978~1985年)、主动求变(1986~1991年)、走向市场(1992~2003年)、全面推进(2004~2012年)、后铁道部时期(2013年~)五个阶段,每个阶段的铁路改革与整体社会经济改革紧密相关,既有其自身的发展理路,又反映了不同的时代特征,更有自中国铁路产生以来的诸多因素仍在参与40年中国铁路面貌的塑造。

The history of railway can neither be simplified into descriptions of railway extension nor be generalized to the social history of railway. The research object of railway history should cover both the operation of the railway system itself and the two-way interactions between the railway system and the social needs of China. In this regard, China＇s railway development since the reform and opening-up can be divided into five stages： starting period （ 1978 - 1985 ） , the period of seeking changes （ 1986 1991 ） , the period of marketizing （ 1992 - 2003 ）, the period of comprehensive reform （ 2004 - 2012）, and the fully market-oriented period （2013 - ）. Each stage of the railway reform is closely related to the overall social and economic reform, which not only has its own motivations of development, but also reflects different characteristics of the times. Moreover, many factors since the birth of the Chinese railway have been playing their paints in shaping the features of the Chinese railway in the past 40 years.