论我国参与北极航道治理的国际法路径

Duscussing on the International Law Path of Our Country's Participation in the Management of Arctic Passage

随着全球变暖、北极航道冰雪消融、通航区域逐步扩大,北极航道治理冲突呈现白热化趋势。俄罗斯、加拿大应用"扇形理论""海冰与陆地同权理论"、海峡基线法、"历史性权利"、直线基线法等分别主张东北航道、西北航道是其内水,其他国家船只不享有无害通过权和过境通行权。美国、欧盟等则主张北极航道属于用于国际航行的海峡,其他国家船只有过境通行权。国际法学界对此展开了激烈讨论,时至今日,仍无定论。我国应当在《联合国海洋法公约》下秉持"三要件说"否认俄加两国对北极航道的"历史性水域"主张,构建以"地理海峡"和"被外国使用"为中心的国际海峡界定标准,坚持以文义解释规则与适当顾及原则适当限制"冰封区域条款"的适用范围,切实维护我国的北极利益,保障海洋强国战略的顺利实施。

With the global warming,the ice in the Arctic Passage is melting and the navigable areas are gradually expanding so that the conflicts in the Arctic Passage management are becoming severer and severer. Russia and Canada apply the ＂sector theory＂,＂sea ice and lands possessing the same rights theory＂,the strait baseline method,＂historic title＂,the straight baseline method and so on to claim respectively that the Northeast Passage and the Northwest Passage are their internal waters and other countries’ vessels do not enjoy the right of innocent passage and the right of transit passage. The United States and the European Union and so forth argue that the Arctic Passage belongs to the straits used for international navigation and other countries’ vessels have the right of transit passage. The international law field has had some heated discussions on this issue,however,it is still inconclusive at present. Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,China should uphold the ＂three elements＂to deny the ＂historic waters＂proposition of Russia and Canada on the Arctic Passage,establish the defining standard of the international straits by centering on the ＂geographical straits＂and ＂used by foreign countries＂ and adhere to the literal interpretation rule and the due regard principle in order to limit the applicable scope of the ＂the article of ice-covered areas＂properly so as to safeguard Chinese interests in Arctic earnestly and ensure the smooth implementation of China’s strategy of building an ocean power.