民法典担保物权制度修正研究——以《民法典各分编(草案)》为分析对象

On the Amendment of Real Security Rules of Civil Code——Focus on Parts of Civil Code(Draft)

《民法典各分编(草案)》在《物权法》的基础上,主要扩充了担保财产的范围、修正了抵押物转让规则,完善了权利竞存时的优先顺位规则,删除了具体登记机构的规定。为反映新一轮农村土地制度改革的成果,应将土地承包经营权、土地经营权和宅基地使用权明定为担保财产;在应收账款之外,增列不动产收费权、收益权作为权利质权的标的权利。抵押物转让规则除了维系抵押权的追及效力之外,还要注意平衡抵押权人、抵押人和抵押物取得人之间的利益。优先顺位规则体系由一般规则和特别规则构成,坚持"先公示者优先""未公示者平等"的一般优先顺位规则,相关特别规则在文字表述上应作完善。在删除登记机构的具体规定之后,应作出授权性规定,赋予国务院参酌机构改革的具体情势作出统一动产担保登记机构的规定。

Based on the "Property Law", the "Parts of Civil Code(Draft)" mainly expands the scope of the secured property, amends the rules for the transfer of collateral, and improves the priority rules between/among competing rights, and deletes the regulations of the specific registration agency. To reflect the results of the new-round reform of rural land system, land contractual management rights,land management rights and homestead use rights should be clearly defined as secured assets. In addition to accounts receivable, the charging rights on real estate and the rights to proceeds should be added as the pledged rights. In addition to stipulating the tracing effectiveness of the mortgage, the collateral transfer rules shall pay attention to balancing the interests between the mortgagee, the mortgagor and the collateral acquirer. The priority rules consists of general rules and special rules,and adheres to the general priority rules of "first preformed, first priority" and "unpreformed, equal priority". The relevant special rules should be improved in the textual expression. After deleting the specific provisions of the registration authority, an authorization provision shall be stipulated which gives State Council the rights to designate an unified movable property registration agency according to the specific institutional reform situation.