中国猪瘟净化之路:离我们还有多远?

Eradication of Classical Swine Fever in China: Is It Far Away?

猪瘟是由猪瘟病毒引起猪的一种以高热、出血和高死亡率为主要特征的接触性传染病,给疫区国家的养猪业造成严重的经济损失。该病被世界动物卫生组织(OIE)列入须申报的动物疫病目录,我国将其列为一类动物疫病。《国家中长期动物疫病防治规划(2012-2020年)》将猪瘟列为5种优先防治和重点防范的动物疫病之一。我国老一辈科学家于上世纪50年代研制出闻名于世的猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗(C株),该疫苗安全、有效,对我国及世界范围内猪瘟的防控和根除发挥了关键作用。截止目前,全球共有30多个国家和地区根除了猪瘟。养猪业在我国畜牧业中占有主导地位,猪瘟对我国生猪及猪肉产品贸易具有重大影响。因此,我国必须走猪瘟净化之路。自上世纪中期我国提出了猪瘟根除战略,时至今日猪瘟仍未净化,主要原因有,我国地域辽阔、养猪环境复杂、养殖模式多样、动物疫病种类繁多、养猪从业人员素质和意识水平参差不齐、生物安全防控水平低等。目前我国已进入新时代,综合国力稳步提升,养殖业也朝着科学化、规模化、绿色环保化方向发展,科研支撑能力日益增强,已完全具备净化猪瘟条件:当前猪瘟的流行率较低;猪瘟疫苗生产工艺不断改进,质量也不断提升;新型猪瘟标记疫苗的研制取得突破性进展;相应的猪瘟检测、监测方法及与标记疫苗配套的鉴别诊断技术也已趋于成熟。更关键的是,我国养猪企业和养殖户也意识到了猪瘟净化的必要性,政府部门也在积极采取行动,制定相应的法规和政策,联合企业、养殖户、各级兽医部门等实施区域性净化。本文详细介绍了猪瘟在全球及我国的流行现状,探讨了我国猪瘟净化的重大意义及有利与不利条件,深入分析了我国猪瘟净化的成本及效益,全面总结了欧盟等国家净化猪瘟的成功经验,并对我国猪瘟净化思路和方案进行了探讨。笔者认为,中国猪瘟净化具有历史必然性、战略必要性、现实可能性、技术可行性,这一天的到来并非遥不可及。

Classical swine fever（CSF）, caused by classical swine fever virus（CSFV）, is one of the most devastating diseases to the pig industry worldwide from both economic and sanitary points of view. CSF is notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health（OIE） and classified as a List-I animal infectious disease in China. The National Middle-to Long-Term Plan for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases（2012-2020） has listed CSF as one of five priority animal diseases to be prevented. C-strain, a lapinized attenuated live vaccine developed by Chinese scientists in the 1950 s, is highly safe and efficacious, which plays an important role in the control and eradication of CSF all over the world. Up to now, CSF has been eradicated in more than 30 countries and regions in the world. CSF has a high consequence on the pork industry in China. Therefore, we must be committed to eradicate CSF in China. In the middle of the last century, China had put forward a strategy to eradicate CSF. Now sixty years have passed, however, CSF is still endemic in most parts of China. Some factors seriously restrict the eradication ofCSF in China, such as vast territory, complex pig-raising environment, diversified pig-raising modes, various animal diseases, and low-level biosecurity measures, etc. At present, China has entered a new era, the overall national strength has grown considerably, the breeding industry is developing towards a scientific, large-scale and environment-friendly direction, and the scientific research is being gradually improved. The current prevalence of CSF is pretty low and the vaccine manufacturing technologies are being improved. New CSF marker vaccines and companion differential diagnosis techniques have been developed. Some pig-raising enterprises in China are also aware of the importance and significance of the eradication of CSF. The government is also actively taking actions to formulate corresponding regulations and policies and to organize farmers, pig-raising enterprises and veterinary administrative departments to carry out local CSF eradication. All these make the eradication of CSF possible and practical. This review summarized the recent situation concerning CSF in China and the world. The importance of the eradication of CSF in China and the favorable and unfavorable conditions for the eradication of CSF were discussed. The cost and benefit of the eradication of CSF in China was also analyzed. This review also summarized the eradication experiences of CSF in Europe and USA and discussed the ideas and plans for the eradication of CSF in China. Considering its historical inevitability, strategic necessity, realistic possibility, and technical feasibility, we believe that the eventual eradication of CSF in China is never so far away from us.