美国耕地生态补偿实践与启示

Practice and Inspiration of the US Conservation Reserve Program

生态补偿已成为全球日益流行的生态系统管理方法。美国是较早开展生态补偿的国家,其生态补偿主要集中在农业领域,其中土地休耕计划(Conservation Reserve Program,CRP)是比较成功的项目之一,发挥出的预期效果最为明显。在多年的实践中积累了一些成功的经验,如立法先行、政府主导、市场化运作、合同制管理、坚持自愿参与原则,运用环境效益指数(Environmental Benefits Index,EBI)筛选补偿对象,适时调整补偿标准,项目信息公开透明等。虽然中美国情不同,但在生态补偿机制设计中,这些做法值得参考与借鉴。

Payments for environmental services（PES）have become a popular approach to address environmental degradation around the world.The United States is one of the countries that have early enforced PES which mainly concentrated in the agricultural sector.The Conservation Reserve Program（CRP）is one of the more successful projects,and the expected effect is most obvious.Some of CRP＇s experiences,such as legislation first,government-led,market-oriented operation,contract management,adhering to the principle of voluntary participation,using the Environmental Benefits Index（EBI）to screen compensation objects,Adjusting the compensation standard by cost in a timely manner,publishing project information and so on,are successful after so many years of practice.Although the US and China are different countries,these experiences are useful in the design of the eco-compensation mechanism.