论费孝通的民族与国家观念——一个“费孝通转换”的视角

On Fei Xiaotong's Conception of Minzu and Guojia: from the perspective of “Fei Xiaotong Conversion”

用费孝通提出的将民族等具有纷繁含义的专有名词替换成大家较易达成共同理解的"某某团体"的"费孝通转换"方式,对费孝通上世纪30年代在"中华民族是一个"讨论中所使用的民族与国家概念和80年代"中华民族多元一体格局"理论中所提出的民族概念进行了通贯性的考察,指出尽管其民族概念前后有别,但皆为一不包含政治含义的民族学意义上的民族概念。费孝通多元一体理论通过将民族概念建基于认同意识,引入中华民族概念,对其30年代民族与国家理论中缺乏全民性的心理团体概念的缺陷进行了补救,并通过认同层次理论将中华民族和56个民族纳入到一个高低层次分明的多元一体复合结构中,消解了两个民族概念表面上的矛盾,从而在理论上提供了以广义民族概念为基础对现代主权国家国民一体性进行解释的可能性。

Minzu,the pattern of the pluralistic unity of Chinese people,by Fei Xiaotong＇s ＂Fei Xiaotong Conversion＂,is to replace Minzu and other proper names with confusing meanings and to make it easier for people to have a common understanding,this paper makes thorough analysis of the conception of Minzu and Guojia,used by Fei Xiaotong in the debate on ＂Chinese Nation is One＂（1939）and in the theory of ＂The Pattern of Pluralistic Unity of the Chinese People＂（1988）,based on which,the paper points out that Fei＇s Minzu has remained an ethnological concept that doesn＇t include political implications,even after he has changed his notion since 1980 s.According to his Minzu concept on the identity consciousness,and introducing the concept of the Zhonghua Minzu（the Chinese Ethnos or Chinese People）into his ＂Pluralistic Unity＂theory,Fei Xiaotong remedied the flaws of the absence of a psychological group of the whole people in his 1939＇s theory.Furthermore,having embedded the Zhonghua Minzu and the 56 Minzu into a ＂Pluralistic Unity＂compound structure consisting of high and low levels of identity,Fei eliminated the apparent contradiction between the two Minzu concepts,and theoretically provided a possible explanation of the national identity of modern sovereign states on the basis of the concept of general ethnicity.