夹缝中的汉民族建构:制造自我与重塑他者

Han Nationality Construction in Cracks:Creating Self and Remodeling Others

18、19世纪,作为整体符号体系的儒家世界开始受到西方基督教世界的冲击,一种普世主义的帝国宇宙观逐渐动摇,并试图在作为他者的西方面前寻求一个相对化的自我定位。各路知识分子在亦敌亦友的西方参照下,整合国内分化的各种势力,加入到西方所建构的国家秩序与话语体系中来。建国以后,如何在新生政权的意识形态框架下处理少数民族他者问题成为工作的重点,这一时期的民族识别与民族政策基本确立了中国处理少数民族问题的框架。在西方社会的冲击下,建国以前的汉民族想象与建构是一种自我寻找与定义,而建国以后的汉民族书写却依赖于对少数民族他者的分类,进而体现主体汉民族的现代性与同质性。90年代以来,随着少数民族意识的觉醒与西方学者的深入研究,作为主体民族的汉民族建构策略在"作为自我的他者"和"作为他者的自我"的双重影响下不断遭遇实践与理论困境。这一历史生成的学术困境——即将中国作为一个符合国际格局的民族国家进行表述,还是将其作为一个超民族、超国家、超社会的体系进行书写——需要在长时段的历史事实与知识脉络中寻找出路。

In 18 and 19 centries, as the whole symbol system, the Confucian world was impacted by the western Christendom, a imperial cosmology of universalism began to sway, and tried to search for a relative self position in front of the others. Referring to the frenemy of the west, intellectuals of all aspects tried to integrate all forces of domestic divisions, joined into the state order and discourse system constructed by the west After China was founded, how to deal with ethnic problems under the ideology framework of the new-born regime was the key of work, national identification and policy of that time basically formed the frame of minority problems dispose of China. With the impact of the west, the imagination and construction of Han nationality before the foundation of PRC was a kind of selfsearch and definition, but after the foundation, the writing of Han relys on the category of ethnic minority to reflect the modernity and homogeneity of Han. Since 1990 s, with the awakening of ethnic awareness and the intensive study of western scholars, under the double effect from ＂as the other of self＇ and ＂as the self of others＂, the construction strategies of Han constantly encountered practical and theoretical dilemmas. This historical academic dilemma, that is whether to take China as a national state which conforms to the international landscape, or a system which is ultra-national,ultra-state and ultra-society. It will need to seek a way from long time historical facts and knowledge context