基于生态价值损失的开发用海生态补偿标准的演变与实施分析——以山东省为例

Marine Ecological Compensation Standard Based on Ecological Value Loss:Shandong Province’s Practice

海洋生态损失补偿指用海者履行海洋生态环境资源有偿使用责任,对因开发利用海洋造成的海洋生物资源价值和生态系统服务价值损失进行的资金补偿.文章介绍了海洋生态补偿制度的建立过程,梳理了山东省海洋生态补偿新旧标准的演变过程,对山东省海洋生态补偿标准的实施进行了探讨,并分析了山东省海洋生态补偿资金征收的经济效率.结果表明,按照旧标准,只考虑对海洋生物资源损失的补偿,每公顷用海所缴纳的生态补偿资金为8.1433万元;按照新标准,考虑对经济生物资源和生态系统服务损失的补偿,每公顷用海应缴纳的生态补偿资金为12.0439万元,比旧标准提高了48%.补偿标准提高,虽然增加了企业的用海成本,但还只是补偿了企业用海所造成生态损失的1/4左右,还有3/4的生态损失没有要求企业补偿,需要国家财政增加生态修复投入.山东用海生态损失补偿政策的实施,很好地发挥了环境经济政策的效果;企业主动缩减围填海等用海面积,采用环境友好的用海方式,既节约了企业用海成本,又减轻了对海洋生态环境的损耗.在全国推广山东的开发用海生态补偿制度和标准,可以有效地引导企业理性用海、集约高效用海,助力海洋产业绿色转型,体现生态文明入宪的重大意义.

Marine ecological compensation is monetary compensation for the marine living re sources loss and ecosystem services loss caused by developing and utilizing marine resources bysea user. In this paper, the establishment process of the marine ecological compensation systemwas introduced,and the evolution process of the old and new standards for marine ecological cornpensation were put forward, the implementation of marine ecological compensation standard inShandong province was discussed, and the economic efficiency of levying marine ecological cornpensation funds was analyzed.The results showed that according to the old standard,only considering compensation for the living resources loss,the need to pay compensation fund was 81. 433thousand yuan for per hectare of constructed sea area. The amount of ecological compensationfunds was up to 120. 439 thousand yuan in terms of the new standard,considering compensationfor the living resources loss and ecosystem services loss,with an increase of 48%.The improvement of the compensation standard enhanced the sea use cost of enterprises, however,which onlycompensated about a quarter of the marine ecological loss for enterprises,and there was still nocompensation for three quarters of the ecological loss,which required the national finance to increase the investment in marine ecological restoration. The implementation of the compensationpolicy for marine ecological loss in Shandong province played a positive effect on environmental economic policy.Enterprises voluntarily reduced the sea use areas such as coastal reclamation andadopted the environmentally friendly way of using the sea,which was beneficial to save the seause cost and lower the loss for marine ecological environment. The generalizing nationwide of Shandong province＇s marine ecological compensation system and standard could effectively guideenterprises to use the sea rationally and intensively,and to promote the green transformation ofmarine industries, which would embody the significance of ecological civilization into ourcountry＇s constitution.