走向有效的公众参与科学——论科学传播“民主模型”的困境与知识分工的解决方案

Toward effective public engagement with science a dilemma of democracy model in science communication and its solution from the division of epistemic labor

科学传播中公众参与科学的民主模型是通过政治想象翻译成协商民主来实现的。过去20年中,虽然公众参与科学无论在理论还是实践上都取得了巨大成就,但也面临着与公共政策中决策科学化与民主化相同的两难困境,使公众参与科学流于表面。这一困境产生的原因在于缺乏自我反省的体制化科学异化公众,进而导致在协商过程中科学家与公众政治地位不平等。实际上,科学家与公众拥有不同类型的知识,关注科学风险的不同维度。通过知识的劳动分工,公众负责决定目标,科学家负责实现目标,可以走向真正有效的公众参与科学。

The democracy model of public engagement with science in science communication is realized through being translated into deliberative democracy.Public engagement with science has great achievements both of theories and practice.However,as in public policy,it also faces the dilemma of scientization and democratization of decision.The dilemma makes the public participate in science superficially.The root of the dilemma lies in the alienation of the public by institutional science which lacks of self-reflection.The alienation leads to the inequality of the public and scientists in the processes of deliberation.Actually,the publics and scientists have different types of knowledge and concern different dimensions of scientific risks.Through the division of epistemic labor that the public is responsible for the selection of objectives and scientists are responsible for the realization of the objectives,effective public engagement with science shall emerge.