超克沉思传统:基础存在论方案之考察

Overcoming the Contemplative Tradition:An Examination of Heidegger’s Fundamental Ontology

亚里士多德在古典三项，即“theoria／sophia”（理论／理论智慧）、“praxis／phronesis”（实践／实践智慧）和“poiesis／techne”（制作／技艺）之间建立起了等级秩序，确立了“theoria／sophia”的至尊地位，亚氏方案堪称沉思传统的典范表述。在《柏拉图的（智者篇）》中，围绕着真、存在和时间等关键词，海德格尔对沉思传统作了一番存在论重构。在阐释《存在与时间》如何处理古典三项的问题上，出现了两种对立倾向，即沃尔皮模型和塔米尼奥模型。前者认为基础存在论颠覆了沉思传统，后者则认为基础存在论延续了沉思传统。在总体思路上，前者是而后者非。根据沃尔皮模型，可以勾勒出海氏方案的基本轮廓。基础存在论之重置古典三项、超克沉思传统，主要体现为两大论旨：一、此在是“praxis／phronesis”的存在论化和彻底化；二、现成在手状态（对应于“theoria／sophia”）导源于上手状态（对应于“poiesis／techne”）。20世纪西方哲学的发展，在效果历史的意义上印证了海氏方案：实践哲学的复兴呼应并深化了论旨一；论旨二激发了研究者会通海氏哲学和实用主义的热情。

Aristotle establishes a hierarchy among the classic trichotomy, namely, theoria/sophia,praxis/phronesis and poiesis/techne, with theoria/sophia at its very top. The Aristotelian strategy is taken as a paradigm case of the contemplative tradition. In Plato＇s Sophist, centering on keywords such as aletheia, being, and time, Heidegger offers us an ontological reconstruction of the contemplative tradition. How does Being and Time deal with the classic trichotomy？ There arc opposed views to this question： Volpi＇s model and Taminiaux＇s model. The former claims that fundamental ontology overturns the contemplative tradition, whereas the latter claims that fundamental ontology continues the contemplative tradition. I accept the former and reiect the latter. In the light of Volpi＇s model, Heidegger＇s way of overcoming the contemplative tradition and his strategy of repositioning the classic trichotomy can be captured in the following two theses： I. Dasein is the ontologization and radicalization of praxis/phronesis; II） Vorhandenheit （corresponding to theoria/sophia） is derived from Zuhandenheit （corresponding to poiesis/techne）. The Heideggerian strategy is vindicated by the later developments of 20th century Western philosophy in the sense of effective history. The revival of practical philosophy echoes and deepens thesis I. Thesis II ignites the enthusiasm of philosophers to create dialogue between Heidegger＇s philosophy and American pragmatism.