附：奸罪的观念——从汉律到唐律

The Conception of Fornication --From The Han Code to The Tang Code

《唐律》的条文规定，未婚男女之间的性交行为亦构成犯罪。若是双方合意，则名为“和奸”；反之，若一方被迫，则称之为“强奸”。本文拟检证以下三点：第一，“奸”是否确实意指未婚男女之间的非法性交？第二，秦汉法律中是否已经存在如唐律这般的规定？第三，在前近代中国，未婚之人若有性交行为，是否真的会因此构成犯罪而被处罚？

The articles in the Tang Code include the content that the sexual intercourse in the case of unmarried couple still constitutes a crime. And if the intercourse is made in mutual agreement, it means ＂ 和姦 he jian＂ （fornication by consent）, on the other hand if it is forced one, it is defined as ＂强姦 qiang jian （assault）＂. In this article, I would like to examine these three points. i Is it correct that the word 姦 jian means illicit sexual intercourse between unmarried couple？ ii Has such a stipulation in The Tang Code existed since the laws in the Qin and Hart？ iii Is it true that if unmarried person have sexual intercourse, it constitutes a crime to be punished in the pre-modern China？