宗教信仰自由与《反歧视法》的冲突及调谐——杰作蛋糕店诉科罗拉多州民权委员会案

U.S. Supreme Court Judge's Balancing Ways on Contradiction of Free Exercise of Religion Clause with Colorado Anti-Discrimination Act:Masterpiece Cakeshop,Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission

2018年6月,美国联邦最高法院对"杰作蛋糕店诉科罗拉多州民权委员会案"作出了判决,宣告科罗拉多州政府违反了宪法第一修正案,科州的《反歧视法》对菲力普斯的基督教信仰具有敌意,《反歧视法》对于科州公民的宗教信仰没有保持必要的中立,因此判决科州政府败诉。肯尼迪大法官认为,科州的司法程序存在着一些瑕疵,对菲力普斯的行政处罚影响到了其宗教信仰自由;卡根大法官认为,科州政府没有履行证明义务,证明《反歧视法》保持对宗教信仰的中立。金斯伯格大法官则持异议,认为两名同婚者只是要求购买用于结婚的蛋糕,而不是要求蛋糕设计师设计一款专门"庆祝同性婚姻的蛋糕"。菲力普斯案经过科州的四次司法程序,多数意见认定科州的司法程序具有司法偏见,其论据并不充分。

The Supreme Courtmade final decision on Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado CivilRights C omm ission in June 4, 2018, which adjud icated C A D A as violation of the first Amendmentbecause C A D A had some hostilies on Philips＇s religious belief and was notneutral to person＇s religion in Colorado. Judge Kennedy found that there have much defaults in Colorado judicial proceedings and imposed some reinedialm easures which also infected Philips＇s religious freedom. Judge K egan concurred thatC olorado governm enthad notperformed the duty to proof its absolute neutral to religion belief. Justice G insburg dissented that the cake which the gay couple requested was nora cake for gay couple but for theirwedding ceremony instead. Moreover, since there were four judicial process dealing with Phillips case, so the view about the majority of the Court conclusion that prejudge can be found in judicialhearingwas notconvincing.