提早化控对高产花生个体发育和群体结构影响

Effects of Earlier Chemical Control on Ontogeny and Population Structure of High Yield Peanut

为探究提早化控对高产花生个体发育和群体结构影响的生理基础,以花育22号为试验材料,设置清水(CK)和喷施多效唑(PBZ)处理,其中PBZ处理包括PBZ-1(主茎高25 cm喷施多效唑)、PBZ-2(主茎高30 cm喷施多效唑)、PBZ-3(主茎高35 cm喷施多效唑)3个处理,研究不同时期化控对高产花生植株性状、叶片生理特性、内源激素含量及荚果产量和籽仁品质的影响。结果表明,PBZ处理通过抑制赤霉素(GA)和生长素(IAA)的合成显著降低了主茎高、侧枝长、主茎节数和主茎绿叶数;通过促进玉米素核苷(ZR)的合成使分枝数显著增加,表现为化控时间越早效果越显著,其中PBZ-1和PBZ-2处理在饱果期GA含量分别较CK降低30.60%和26.45%,IAA含量分别降低17.29%和14.98%,ZR含量分别增加18.10%和10.14%。PBZ-1和PBZ-2处理显著提高了叶片脱落酸(ABA)含量,显著降低了GA/ABA和IAA/ABA值及成熟期ZR/ABA值,进而导致叶片叶绿素含量显著增加,SOD、POD和CAT活性显著提高,PBZ-1处理使叶绿素含量、SOD和POD活性分别提高23.69%、36.80%和44.88%,PBZ-2处理分别提高19.28%、28.70%和34.26%,促进了光合产物向荚果的转运与积累。PBZ-1和PBZ-2处理显著增加了单株结果数,从而使单位面积荚果产量显著增加,2个试验点PBZ-1处理平均较CK增产17.94%,PBZ-2处理平均增产12.74%。PBZ处理均降低了籽仁蛋白质、总氨基酸含量和亚油酸相对含量,显著提高了脂肪含量、油酸相对含量和O/L值,且均表现为化控时间越早差异越显著。综上,以油用为主的高产花生在保证足够的营养器官建成的前提下,化控时间越早其增产效果越显著,品质也最优。本研究结果为花生高产、优产提供了理论与技术支撑。

To explore the physiological basis of the effects of early chemical control on individual plant development and group structure peanut,Huayu22 was used as materials to be treated with four treatments,such as CK（ spraying water）,PBZ-1（ spraying PBZ when the main stem height was 25 cm）,PBZ-2（ spraying PBZ when the main stem height was 30 cm） and PBZ-3（ spraying PBZ when the main stem height was 35 cm）,and so on,to research the effects of chemical control at different stages on the plant trait,physiological characteristic,endogenous hormone content,pod yield and kernel quality of high-yield peanut. The results showed that PBZ treatments significantly reduced the main stem height,lateral branch length,node number of main stem and leaf number of main stem by inhibiting the gibberellin（ GA） and auxin（ IAA） synthesis. GA content at pod filling stage of PBZ-1 and PBZ-2 decreased by 30. 60% and 26. 45%relative to that of CK,and IAA content decreased by 17. 29% and 14. 98%,respectively. PBZ treatments increased the branch number by promoting zeatin nucleoside（ ZR） synthesis,and the difference between effects of PBZ-1,PBZ-2 and PBZ-3 were most significant. ZR content at pod filling stage of PBZ-1 treatment and PBZ-2 treatment increased by18. 10% and 10. 14% relative to that of CK,respectively. PBZ-1 and PBZ-2 significantly incrased the abscisic acid（ ABA） content of leaf,and reduced the GA/ABA,IAA/ABA ratio and the ZR/ABA ratio of mature leaf,and then induced significantly increase of the chlorophyll content,the activities of SOD,POD and CAT of leaf,and further promoted the photosynthate transport and accumulation to pod. Chlorophyll content,SOD and POD activity of PBZ-1 increased by 23. 69%,36. 80% and 44. 88% relative to that of CK,and increased by 19. 28%,28. 70% and 34. 26% of PBZ-2,respectively. Remarkably,PBZ-1 and PBZ-2 significantly improved the pod number of per plant,which is positive related to the pod yield. The pod yield on average of two test points increased by 17. 94% of PBZ-1,and12. 74% of PBZ-2 compared with CK,respectively. Spraying PBZ at different stages reduced the content of protein total amino acid and the relative content of linoleic acid,but significantly increased the fat content,the relative content of oleic acid and O/L. It is obvious that more significant difference was induced by earlier controlled. In conclusion,for highyield peanut cultivation,which is mainly used for oil, under the premise of ensuring adequate nutritional organ construction,the earlier chemical control,the more remarkable of the increase of pod yield,and also the kernel quality.This study provided theoretical and technical support for high yield and high quality production of peanut.