美国贫困家庭临时救助:制度变迁、运行特征及启示

The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families in the United States:Evolution,Features and Enlightenment

贫困家庭临时救助(TANF)是美国一项重要的社会救助制度,建立并运行20余年,为美国贫困家庭提供基本的帮助。该制度具有鲜明的特征,主要表现在:强调救助的"临时性""工作优先"以及项目间合作,地方政府具有较大的自主性,提供主体的多元化等。借鉴TANF的经验,我国社会救助制度建设应发挥不同社会主体的作用,实现不同救助项目之间的良好合作,合理划分中央和地方政府的权责。对制度的学习和借鉴,要考虑到跨文化的因素,不能简单复制。

The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families （TANF） is the most important social assistance system in the United States. It has been running for more than 20 years, providing basic help for poor people in the United States. The system has distinctive features, such as emphasize of the ＂temporary＂, ＂ work first＂ and cooperation between programs, and the discretion of local governments. Drawing on TANF＇s experience, the social assistance system in China should be redesigned. Firstly, the social organizations should play a good role in anti-poverty as well as the government. Secondly, the powers and responsibilities of central and local governments should be divided rationally. Lastly, when learning from other countries＇ institutions, we should take account of the reality of China.