营商环境、技术创新与比较优势的动态变化

Business Environment,Technological Innovation and Dynamic Change of Comparative Advantage

文章构建的两期一般均衡模型表明,营商环境对经济增长的影响包括两个效应:一方面,营商环境具有技术促进效应,改善营商环境的某些方面(例如诚信制度、法制环境、知识产权保护、融资难易程度等)将会促进企业技术创新;另一方面,营商环境具有成本降低效应,改善营商环境的另外一些方面(例如行政效率、税负程度、社会稳定状况、基础设施等)将会降低企业成本。基于微观视度进一步探讨营商环境对技术创新的作用,可以发现营商环境对技术创新具有门槛效应。在考虑了该门槛效应之后,发展中国家比较优势动态变化须经历"廉价生产要素比较优势→营商环境比较优势→技术比较优势"三个阶段。当前中国正处于从廉价生产要素比较优势向营商环境比较优势转变的时期,在这个时期,中央政府应当定期详细统计各地营商环境发展指数,并把营商环境发展指数当成地方政府政绩考核的重要组成部分,通过大力发展营商环境来促进中国比较优势的动态变化和经济的转型升级。

Two-period general equilibrium models constructed in this paper indicates that business environment exerts technological improvement effect and cost reduction effect on economic development. From the microeconomic perspective, the paper finds that business environment has threshold effect on technological innovation. After taking threshold effect into consideration, the comparative advantage changes of the developing countries must experience three stages, including cheap production, business environment and technological sequentially. Nowadays China is undergoing a transition from comparative advantage of cheap production to comparative advantage of business environment. In this period, the central government should release business environment development statistics around the country periodically and take business environment development as one important component of political performance evaluation system.