植物氮高效利用研究进展和展望

Towards understanding of nitrogen use efficiency in plants

氮是影响植物生长发育的重要矿质营养元素,也是叶绿体、核酸、蛋白质以及很多次生代谢产物的重要组成成分。增加氮肥施用是农作物增产的主要手段,但同时也会带来土壤酸化、水体富营养化、农业生产成本增加等问题。提高氮肥利用效率(nitrogen use efficiency, NUE)是解决这一问题的主要途径。现就近年来植物中氮素吸收、转运、同化及氮信号转导的分子机制等研究进展进行概述,以期为作物氮高效利用的分子设计育种提供理论基础。

Nitrogen is an essential mineral element that affects plant growth and development, and is also the major component of chlorophyll, nucleic acids, protein and secondary metabolites. Nitrogen fertilizers are also the major driving force for improvement of crop yield. However, application of nitrogen fertilizers also leads to quite a number of problems, such as soil acidification, water eutrophication, and increased production cost. The best solution to these problems is improving nitrogen use efficiency（NUE） of crops. In the past three decades, tremendous progresses have been made on the understanding of nitrogen absorption, transportation, assimilation, and signaling. In this review, the progresses on these aspects are summarized and future perspectives on how to improve NUE of crops are discussed.