社会保障制度的再分配效应:收入与财产

The Redistributive Effect of Social Security:Income and Wealth

中央政府多次提出,加快健全以社会保障等为主要手段的再分配调节机制,缩小收入分配差距。对社会保障再分配效应的最新研究成果和发展趋势进行综述和评价,总结和审慎回顾社会保障再分配作用的理论和经验,具有非常重要的理论和现实意义。这一领域的研究主要基于三个视角:一是以年度收入为基础,分析社会保障制度缴费和支付对居民收入产生的当期再分配效应;二是以个人终生收入为基础,分析社会保障制度的终生纯受益对居民收入产生的长期再分配效应;三是基于财产的视角,分析社会保障未来可获得的总收益对居民家庭财产分布状况的再分配效应。关于我国社会保障制度再分配效应的现有研究还有一定的局限性,未来的研究需要在规范研究、实证研究以及政策效果等方面有所提升,以更好地评估社会保障的再分配功能,为缩小我国收入分配差距提供政策依据和支持。

economy, Since China＇s the household market reforms income and the in 1978, together with the rapid wealth gap in China have also development gradually expanded.According to the data, the Gini coefficient of household income in 1988 was 0. 382, but it rose to 0. 474 in 2007 and 0. 451 in 2013 and reached 0. 465 in 2016, each of which is at a relatively high level. Meanwhile, the Gini coefficient of household wealth also increased from 0. 538 in 2002 to 0. 739 in 2010. At the same time, the public and the academic community had a major controversy on this issue. In response, the central government has repeatedly proposed to improve the redistribution mechanism of the social security system and narrow the gap of income distribution in China. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to evaluate the latest achievements and developmental trends in the studies of the social security redistributive effect, and to summarize and carefully review the theoretical and empirical analysis of the redistributive role of social security. Generally speaking, this field mainly studies the redistributive effect of social security based on three perspectives. Firstly, it analyzes the current redistributive effect of social security system＇s contributions and benefits based on the residents＇ annual income. The social security funds come mainly from the contributions of employees, employers and financial support. The contributions are generally paid as a certain proportion of an individual＇s initial income and are redistributed according to the degree of risks. The groups with lower initial income can receive higher benefits, so social security will change the current income distribution of households at a certain point and has a certain redistributive effect. The second is to analyze the long-term redistributive effect of lifetime net benefits of social security on the basis of individual lifetime income. The pension system will redistribute the lifetime income of the same generation in different life cycles or of different generations, that is, the redistributive effects within and between generations. The third is the redistribution effect of the pension wealth available to social security in the future on the distribution of household wealth. The hidden wealth from the social security system can have an impact on the distribution of household wealth. Compared with the pension income, pension wealth can reflect the benefits from a pension system more comprehensively. The vested pension rights have an impact on the distribution of household wealth. The existing literature on the redistributive effect of China＇s social security system still has some limitations. Future research needs to be done in normative studies, empirical studies and policy effects to assess the redistributive effect, and to provide the policy basis for narrowing the income inequality in China.