维特根斯坦的“现象学语言”概念

Wittgenstein’s Concept of the Phenomeno logical Language

有关维特根斯坦哲学的研究一直以来主要集中在他的前期与后期思想上。但他的哲学在前后转型时,中间曾经历了一个思想剧烈变化的过程。1929年,维特根斯坦返回剑桥,并提出与他前期哲学思想不同的新的思想——现象学思想。维特根斯坦将我们感觉的当下经验视作＂现象＂,用来描述这种现象的就是他提出的＂现象学语言＂。现象学语言作为描述现象的工具以及现象显示的场域,在对现象的描述中尤为重要,所以阐释现象学语言的过程就是展开维特根斯坦对现象思考的过程。维特根斯坦将我们对一个实体的描述划分为两种描述方法,一种是将它当作物理对象用物理学语言描述;另一种是根据我们感觉的直接经验得来的现象和现象背后的逻辑形式要用现象学语言才能描述。维特根斯坦对于现象学语言描述现象选取的一个典型例子就是他多次提到的＂颜色不相容＂现象。颜色不相容就是说＂同一个地方不能同时存在两种颜色＂。颜色不相容的可能性不是事实的可能性而是逻辑上的可能性,因为颜色不相容是由于颜色系统自身的逻辑形式决定的,表达它的命题,也受到命题内在句法的规定。所以现象学语言是一种先验性的研究。但是现象作为＂似是而非的当下＂与在时间中的现象学语言是矛盾的,并且现象学语言由于自身描述的是个体的感觉经验,它与私人语言一样,一旦存在就会造成语言表述与交流功能的丧失,所以它们不可能存在于共同体中。由于外在与内在的原因,现象学语言在1929年底被维特根斯坦放弃了,同时维特根斯坦将目光聚集在了日常语言上,渐渐展开了他的后期哲学。

In 1929,Wittgenstein returned to Cambridge and put forward his Phenomenology with the core theory of phenomeno logical language.Phenomeno logical language was advanced to describe the immediate experience,that is,phenomenon.Wittgenstein divided descriptions of a subject into two ways:one way was to take the subject as a physical object and to describe it in physical language;the other was to describe the logical form of a subject by using phenomenological language,for the subject is the phenomenon coming from our sense and immediate experience.A typical example that Wittgenstein used for phenomenological language descriptions was the repeatedly mentioned "color incompatibility problem ".This problem means that two colors cannot be in one place at the same time.The possibility of color incompatibility is not fact possibility,but logical possibility,for color incompatibility derives from the logical form of color system and the proposition to describe the color phenomenon is also subject to the syntax within the proposition.Therefore,phenomenological language is an a priori study.However,phenomenon as "the specious present",is contradictory to phenomenological language in time.What’s more,like the private language,once phenomenological language exists,it can cause the loss of function of language expression and communication because what phenomenological language describes is individual sense and immediate experience.So it is impossible that phenomenon and phenomenological language exist in one community.Thus,by the end of the year 1929,both external and internal reasons made Wittgenstein gave up the phenomenological language,and shifted his focus onto ordinary language,and then,gradually launched his late philosophy.