定叛观念与当代伊斯兰极端主义

The Concept of Takfir and Contemporary Islamic Extremism

定叛意为判定或认定某人为不信道者或叛道者。《古兰经》为这一观念的起源、发展提供了最重要的概念和法理依据。至伊本·泰米叶生活的13世纪,各教法学派关于定叛的施为者、适用者、判断准则及司法后果的介说已基本定型。与当代伊斯兰极端主义相关的极端定叛思潮,主要有三大思想渊源：以赛义德·库特卜为代表的现代伊斯兰原教旨主义思想家、以艾布·穆罕默德·麦格迪西为代表的萨拉菲主义思想家和以艾布·穆萨卜·扎卡维为代表的伊斯兰极端主义者。后两者源于对瓦哈比主义和伊本·泰米叶定叛思想中激进成分的选择性挪用,完全背离了伊斯兰教法传统中与定叛相关的司法实践。

Literally,takfir means the judgment of someone as a kafir or apostate（murtadd）.The Holy Qur’an provides the basic theological concepts upon which later judicial practice of takfir was based.Over centuries,the practitioner of takfir,its subject,legal criterions and consequences had been gradually systemized,as were clearly defined by the 13th century jurist Ibn Taymiyyah.Nowadays,extreme takfirist ideas were represented by three major trends：Islamic fundamentalist thinkers such as Sayyid Qutb,Salafi-Wahhabist thinkers such as Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi,and Jihadist ideologues like Abu Mus‘ab al-Zarqawi.Capitalizing on certain elements of Wahhabist or Ibn Taymiyyah’s intellectual heritages,these extreme ideas deviate completely from the traditional judicial practice of takfir,thus posing a lethal threat to the internal fabric of Muslim societies.