心理学视角下的极端膜拜伤害问题

Physical and mental harm caused by participation in cults from a psychological perspective

对极端膜拜团体造成身心伤害现象的科学研究,集中在对极端膜拜伤害的界定?测量和机制三个方面。本文的目的,是梳理这三个主题上的研究脉络,明晰其中的争议之处和取得的成绩。文本分析表明,对极端膜拜伤害的界定从"洗脑"转向了"心理虐待",对这类伤害的经验观察由个体症状转向了群体行为和经历的描述,测量方法由传统心理测试工具变成了新型团体心理虐待量表,膜拜伤害的心理机制研究在综合环境和个人精神特质两种因素的基础上建立了二者交互的病理模型,表观遗传学和人际神经生物学用于极端膜拜伤害的生理机制研究已见端倪。但是,迄今对于极端膜拜伤害的学术研究尚未形成范式。

Scientific research on the phenomena of the physical and mental injury caused by participation in cults focuses on three aspects： definition, measurement and mechanism. The purpose of this paper is to review the issues, analyses, and findings on these three topics, and to clarify the field’s controversies and achievements. Our literature survey indicates that a） the terminology regarding the harm caused by cults has changed from “brainwashing” to “psychological abuse”; b） the focus of observation has changed from individual behavior to group experiences; c） the measurement of harm has shifted from traditional psychometric tools to group psychological abuse scales; and d） for psychological mechanisms, an interactive pathology model based on cult milieu factors and personal vulnerability has been established, and epigenetics and interpersonal neurobiology are also primarily used in the study of physiological mechanisms. However, a new research paradigm on cult harm has not yet been formed.