隐藏的“制度”:清代刑名幕友繁盛现象的原因

Hidden “institution”: The Appearance of the Phenomenon of Legal Staffs in Qing Dynasty

清代刑名幕友繁盛现象的出现是清朝一代独具特色的现象，但现有对该现象繁盛原因的分析，并无法充分说明为何于清代所独有。从横向上进行分析，刑名幕友展现出专业化、利益化与群体化的特点，三者之间相互影响，共同构成了刑名幕友制度化特征。而从纵向上历史发展分析，明清集权化的大背景之下，地方州县冗员出现与明清之间社会局势动荡的影响，引起了州县僚属裁减潮与幕府的兴盛，导致满清统治者选择将原本胥吏等职能转化为幕友。综合两方面因素，清代统治者在实践中将已制度化的刑名幕友，以降低地位、流动性等“名实不符”的方式加以隐藏。故清代刑名幕友等繁盛现象，实际上是一种隐藏的“制度”。

The appearance of the flourishing phenomenon of Qing Dynasty＇s Legal Stall; and otherkind of Stall; is a unique phenomenon in Qing Dynasty. From the horizontal analysis, it shows the characteristics of specialization, benefit and collectivization, which influence each other, and for mthe in stitutionalization characteristic of the Stall; together. From the longitudinal historical development analysis, under the background of centralization of powerin the Ming and Qing dynasties, the influence of the social situatio nturbulence between the local pretectures and counties and the Ming and Qing dynasties caused there duction of state and county stall and the prosperity of theshogun. The Manchu rulers chose totrans formthe irtunctions such as officials into Stall;. As a result, the institutionalization of Legal Stall; was established, and their status was down graded. , and Liquidity and other＂ inconsistency＂ to hide such a＂ institution. ＂