体况评分在奶牛生产中的研究进展

Research Progress of Body Condition Score in Dairy Cow Production

奶牛体况评分(BCS)是反映奶牛能量蓄积程度、营养状况和营养管理水平的实用工具。目前,国内外奶牛生产现场以触摸和目测的人工方法测量BCS,这些方法主观性强,虽然最新的研究利用折叠量角器可以有效测量BCS,但总体上,仍然具有稳定性和准确性差的缺点。现在,最新研究由超声波成像技术和图像信息系统替代人工方法。超声波测定显示,BCS每增加1分,奶牛尻部厚度就会增加10 mm;而图像信息系统在奶牛BCS方面有较好的应用,不同相机类型可以满足多种生产需求,可见光相机以分析动物轮廓为主要依据,热成像相机通过接收和测量物体表面的红外辐射作为BCS的判断依据,而深度相机可以提取奶牛背部更多细节信息从而提高准确率。在奶牛生产中,应该更加关注奶牛泌乳后期及干奶期的BCS,该时期的BCS过高会增加疾病和繁殖障碍的风险,BCS过低则会使奶牛泌乳初期处于能量负平衡状态。因此,合理的方法加上科学的管理,可以使BCS成为奶牛生产中不可缺少的实用工具。

Body condition score（ BCS） is a practical tool to monitor energy accumulation,nutritional status and nutritional management level of dairy cows. At present,BCS is measured by artificial methods of touch and visual observation in domestic and foreign,which have strong subjectivity. In the latest studies,the folding ruler is used to effectively measure BCS,while,in general,the artificial methods still have the disadvantage of poor stability and accuracy. Now,the latest researches reported that artificial methods could be replaced of by reflectorscope and image information system. The results of reflectorscope showed that for each score increase of BCS,gluteal thickness of dairy cows would increase by 10 mm. Image information system has good application in BCS for dairy cows,and different camera types can meet various production needs. Visible light camera is mainly based on the analysis of animal profile; thermal imaging camera uses receiving and measuring infrared radiation on the surface of objects as the BCS judgment basis; depth camera can extract more details about the back of dairy cows to improve accuracy. In dairy cowproduction,more attention should be paid to BCS of cows during late lactation and dry-milk periods,excessive BCS during the periods can increase the risk of disease and reproductive disorders,and lowBCS results in a negative energy balance in the early stage of lactation. Therefore,reasonable method and scientific management can make BCS become an indispensable practical tool in dairy cowproduction.