《人谱》与李叔同的皈依律宗

Human Schemata and Li Shutong's Conversion to the School of Vinaya

1918年李叔同出家,成为弘一法师,是民国初年震动士林的一桩奇事。尤为奇者,李叔同是清末民初留学日本、开创现代艺术教育的艺术家、教育家,悟性极高,他虽然在禅宗的丛林胜地虎跑寺出家、灵隐寺受戒,却并不喜禅悦,而是一意修习净土,并致力于践行与研究戒律,成为南山律宗第十一代祖师。关于李叔同出家,当时与后来虽然有过许多解释,但对于他为什么弃禅皈律,却几乎没有说明。本文试讨论晚明刘宗周《人谱》对李叔同皈依律宗的影响。首先考证李叔同出家前的《人谱》修习,说明他在辛亥后不久思想发生变化,开始研读多种宋元理学书,对朱子学与阳明学都有修习,最终落脚在刘宗周的《人谱》,将它置于座右,奉为指南。根据《人谱》一书的性质与特征,可以看到《人谱》对李叔同皈依律宗提供了思想与行动上的真正导引。其次分析李叔同出家后的戒律修习与《人谱》的关系,说明弘一法师二十四年的僧腊,修行律学的事迹虽然很多,但从"事"到"理"可以看到与俗世所修习的《人谱》具有高度的一贯性。由此推定,弘一的律宗修行与李叔同的《人谱》修习至少在方法与旨趣上具有高度一致性,后者被涵摄于前者中。再次比较弘一的代表作《四分律比丘戒相表记》与《人谱》,指出两书在方法与形式上的相似性,说明《人谱》在《表记》的写作中具有影响。最后结合时代背景,指出李叔同的皈依律宗决不是简单的个人归隐,更不是超越性的彼岸向往,而是在宗教的形式中涵具着世俗性,即"明昌佛法,潜挽世风"。

Li Shutong becoming Master Hongyi in 1918 was an intrigue event in the early Republican Era. Although Li decided to become a monk in Hupao Temple,a jungle resort of Chan Buddhism,he was not interested in Chan Buddhism. Instead,he devoted himself to cultivating the Pure Land and studying Buddhism disciplines. Consequently,Li became the Eleventh Master of the School of Vinaya. Despite various explanations on Li＇s conversion to Buddhism,little has been done on explaining why Li devoted to the School of Vinaya rather than to the Chan. This paper attempts to discuss the influence of Liu Zongzhou ＇s Human Schemata on Li Shutong ＇s religious dedication. By carefully examining historical records,this paper demonstrates that since the Xinhai Revolution,Li Shutong had studied a variety of Confucius classics by the Song and Ming philosophers and had eventually make Human Schemata his most favorite. The contents and characteristics of Human Schemata thus provide an influential guidance on Li＇s religious conversion. Furthermore,this paper examines the relationship between the contents of Human Schemata and Li ＇s religious practice after his conversion. I have found that they are highly consistent with each other. Additionally,this paper compares Li＇s masterpiece,Si fen lv bi qiu jie xiang biao ji,with Human Schemata and demonstrates that they are similar both in contents and in writing style. This provides another evidence of the influence of Human Schemata on Li. Finally,by referring historical background,this paper shows that Li Shutong＇s conversion to Buddhism was not simply an act of personal seclusion or religious pursuit,but a secular act in the form of Buddhism.