族际冲突与国家失败:以索马里为例

Ethnic Conflicts and State Failure: A Case Study of Somalia

族际冲突是族际政治的重要方面,是族类群体基于族类情感认同和不同利益诉求,诉诸政治、经济和社会权力的族际互动。在国际体系中,失败国家的族际冲突问题表现得尤为突出。自1991年陷入无政府状态后,索马里被国际社会视为典型的"失败国家",氏族矛盾、部族冲突、跨界民族关系紧张等多层次的族际冲突,成为阻碍其国家建构的重要因素。与此同时,索马里多年来曲折的国家建构历程,反过来强化了族际认同,加剧了族际冲突。本文通过梳理1991年至2017年间索马里国家崩溃及重建的历程,分析索马里族际冲突的表现和成因,探讨族际冲突与国家失败之间的关系,从而试图对国际秩序重塑背景下同类失败国家的政治和解、重建努力和国家治理提供一定的启示。

As a key component of ethno-politics,conflicts among different types of human communities emerge from the interactions of races,nationalities,tribes,or clans in pursuing their respective affective identification or political/economic/social interests. Such category of conflicts is manifestly common in the so-called'failed states'. As a typical'failed state'in international system,Somalia has witnessed a number of state-building constraints since 1991 due to subnational conflicts among various clans and tribes,as well as international conflicts due to the existence of several crossborder clans or tribes. Meanwhile,the tortuous course of Somalia state-building over years has strengthened sub-national ethnic identity and aggravated the ethnic conflicts. This case study analyzes the conflicts among different subnational ethnic groups in Somalia from 1991 to 2017,along with their manifestations and causes,aimed at exploring the innate relationship between ethnic conflicts and state failure. It also aims to draw from the case some lessons and implications for the future state-building efforts and domestic and international governance in Somalia and other countries likewise.