农户兼业对农业面源污染的影响研究

Study on the influence of farmers' concurrent business behavior on agricultural non-point source pollution

农业面源污染作为一种主要的环境污染形式,历来受到政府和学界的广泛关注。本文立足于农业劳动力持续转移的现实,在充分考虑农户"二元身份"性质的基础上,尝试构建农户兼业对农业面源污染影响的理论分析框架,并利用湘赣苏三省水稻种植的经验证据予以实证检验。研究表明:(1)兼业的挤出效应以及收入效应会导致兼业农户的农地利用方式和短期投资发生改变,在考虑兼业综合影响效果的情形下,兼业农户的农业面源污染水平显著高于非兼业农户。(2)剥离兼业对农业面源污染的不同影响路径可以发现,兼业对家庭劳动力的挤出会造成留存于农业生产的劳动力不足,为避免产量损失,兼业农户普遍存在增加短期资本投入以弥补劳动力投入的不足,从而造成农业面源污染问题的加重。但是由于"一家两制"的存在,兼业挤出效应的影响主要体现在用于出售的粮食上,而对于自留粮食,兼业所带来的收入提升会增强农户的农产品质量安全意识,从而减少其在自留粮食耕地中的农资要素投入,有利于减轻农业面源污染。(3)作为弥补农业劳动力投入不足的有效手段,社会化服务的嵌入仅能够在一定程度上缓解兼业挤出效应的负向作用,但无法完全抵消兼业对农业面源污染的不利影响,且组织性社会化服务的作用效果要优于个人社会化服务。未来在农业劳动力持续转移的背景下,为进一步控制农业面源污染,改善农业生产以及农村生活环境,相关部门应该尽快完善农产品流通市场的检测监督机制,并积极引导社会化服务在扩大作业范围的基础上进一步向标准化、规范化方向发展。

As a main source of pollution,the agricultural non-point source pollution has been paid extensive attention by the government and academia. Based on the reality of agricultural labor transfer,this paper constructed a theoretical framework for analyzing the influence of farmers’ concurrent business on agricultural non-point source pollution. Research showed that:(1)Concurrent farmers’ comprehensive effect can change the land use patterns and short-term investment,resulting in a higher level of agricultural non-point source pollution.(2) Through peeling off different influence paths,we concluded that the extrusion effect can cause the shortage of agricultural labor. As a result,concurrent farmers usually increase their short-term capital investment to guarantee yield,which can also lead to an increase in agricultural non-point source pollution. However,because of the existence of‘two systems’,this extrusion effect is mainly reflected in the industry for the sale of food. For food retention,concurrent farmers’ revenue can enhance farmers’ consciousness of quality and safety,thereby reducing factor input of agricultural materials,which is conducive to reduce pollution.(3)As an effective means to make up for the shortage of agricultural labor,social service embedded can only to a certain extent,ease the concurrently negative extrusion effect,but cannot completely offset the adverse effects. Moreover,organizational socialization service is better than individual socialization service in mitigating these negative effects. In order to further control agricultural non-point source pollution,relevant departments should pay attention to the inspection and supervision mechanism of the agricultural products circulation market,and actively guide the development of socialized services to standardization.