疏谏横槊,捭阖相对——魏、吴谏疏创作同异论

A Comparative Study of the Official Remonstrant Writings——on the Similarities and Differences in the Remonstrant Writings in Cao Wei and Sun Wu

三国时期,官文书文体得到进一步发展定型,曹魏、蜀汉、孙吴羽书飞檄同台共奏。与曹魏相较,吴、蜀牍风相对质实,长期以来,学界对曹魏文章超压吴、蜀也有普遍共识。然此结论乃就整体而言,若以官文书领域的疏文撰作为例,魏、吴以疏横槊谏诤,针锋相对,可谓同中有异,各擅胜场。其大同者,文体功用,创作背景以及纵横议论的辞藻锋芒。其小异者,运笔侧重,体现在对句之比与典事结撰上,即吴疏对句比率最高,行文多融摄今事,魏疏则对句篇数最多,结句典事多类杂用。总体而论,除曹植两篇疏文艺术水平特别突出外,魏、吴谏疏兼具实用性与艺术性,各有千秋。

During the Three Kingdoms period, the official documents of Cao Wei, Shu Han and Sun Wu were all well developed. Compared with those in the kingdom ofCao Wei, the official documents in the other two kingdoms were notably plain in style. Scholars have long reached a consensus that writings in the kingdom of Wei were superior to those in Wu and Shu kingdoms. However, it is true only in a general sense, for a study on the official remonstrance writings shows that the official remonstrant writings in Wei and Wu kingdoms, each with opposing views and unique merits, are different but with similarities. They have general similarities in stylistic function, writing background and excellent argumentation. Yet they are different in linguistic features, especially in the use of antitheses and allusions. To be specific, the remonstrant writings in Wu tend to use more antitheses in a single piece of writing and expostulate with examples of the day, while those in Wu tend to use various allusions for the expostulation and antitheses are used in writings of the largest number. In a general sense, the remonstrant writings in the kingdoms of Wei and Wu are both of utility and artistry, each having its merits to recommend itself, except for the two outstanding writings by Cao Zhi.