组织与程序视角下的民事诉讼审判主体——以审判组织与回避制度为中心

The Trial Subjects of Civil Litigation in the Perspective of Organization and Procedure:On Trial Organization and the Rule of Disqualification

审判主体是民事诉讼的基本构成要素,《民事诉讼法》对于审判主体规定了一系列的制度和程序,审判组织和回避是其中重要的两项制度。实际上,这些制度和程序皆可从审判主体的"构成"或"资格"角度加以整合探讨。独任制、合议制和审判委员会构成了我国民事诉讼审判组织的基本组成形式,在司法实践中存在的"行政化"、"形骸化"等问题也进一步印证了"组织与程序"这一理论框架的解释功能。回避制度与管辖异议制度功能的交错也进一步反映了不同民事诉讼审判主体制度领域的流动与交织。以审判组织和回避制度为代表的审判主体的"资格"或"构成"实际上体现了司法公正、司法效率以及司法公信力等不同层次制度价值的博弈和妥协。

The Trial Subject is a basic constitutive elements of the civil litigation.A series of rules and procedures related to this issue have been established by the Civil Procedure Law,among which,the trial organization and withdrawal system take an important part.Actually,all of these rules and procedures can be reintegrated from the perspective of constitution or qualification of the trial subject.The single judge,the collegial panel and the judicial committee construct the trial subject in civil procedure,and the problems in the judicial practices have further proved the interpretative function of the'organization and procedure'theoretical framework.The functional crosses of the Withdrawal and the objection to jurisdiction also indicate circulation in civil procedure trial subject system.The formations of trial subject such as the withdrawal are the competitive and compromising results of judicial fairness,efficiency and credibility.