中央银行再融资:法律属性、多元功能与法制重构

The Central Bank Refinance:Legal Characterization,Multiple Functions and Legal Reconstruction

中央银行是"银行的银行",主要表现为中央银行以近似普通银行业务的再贷款和再贴现方式向金融机构贷出资金。再贷款和再贴现又合称为中央银行再融资。中央银行再融资虽然表现为票据转让、借款合同、担保等机制,但中央银行有权对再融资的对象、规模、期限、可接受担保物或票据、利率或贴现率乃至资金用途等予以严格限定,因此中央银行再融资的法律属性是一种中央银行单方意志较强的行政合同。中国人民银行再融资具有金融稳定、流动性供给、政策性金融及货币政策等多元功能,不同功能的制度操作存在差异甚至冲突。中国人民银行行使中央银行职能以来,再融资功能渐次形成。1995年制定、2003年修改的《中国人民银行法》关于中国人民银行再融资的规定较为粗陋,相关的大量行政法规、部门规章及规范性文件彼此冲突、异化。借助《中国人民银行法》第二次修改的契机,应梳理中国人民银行再融资的众多规范,取消信用再贷款,限制政策性金融再融资,严格限定金融稳定再融资,健全流动性供给再融资、货币政策再融资,依据功能定位重构法制框架。

The central bank is a'banker's bank',mainly for the central bank to approximate ordinary bank reloan and rediscount lending to the financial institutions,and reloan and rediscount is collectively called the central bank refinancing.Although the central bank refinancing is the performance for the transfer of negotiable instruments,loan contract,guarantee mechanism,but the central bank has the right to strictly limit the object,scale,term,acceptance collateral or interest rate or discount rate,and even the use of funds for refinancing,so the legal characterization of the central bank refinancing is administrative contract with strong-will of central bank.Refinancing of the People's Bank of China has multiple functions of financial stability,supply liquidity,policy finance,monetary control and others,but the functions conflict with each other.Since People's Bank of China exercises the functions of the central bank,refinancing function has gradually formed.These refinance provisions of the People's Bank of China Law that was established in 1995,and was amended in 2003 is more humble,and a large number of related administrative regulations and departmental rules conflict with each other and result in alienation.With the opportunities of the second amendment of the People's Bank of China Law,China should comb many refinancing norms,and cancel credit refinancing,limit policy finance refinancing,strictly limiting financial stability refinancing,and improve supply liquidity refinancing and monetary control refinancing,so as to reconstruct legal struoture based on its function position.