论欧洲民法的“限定”自治原则

The Principle of “Framed” Autonomy in EU Civil Law

欧盟基础性法律最初并未明确保障经济主体之自治,但却将之预设于其法律规则之中。《欧洲联盟条约》第3条第3款要求内部市场应以"高度竞争性的社会市场经济"为基础。尽管欧盟法并非全面系统的法律秩序,但却建立在成员国法律体系的基础之上。合同自由是成员国法的一项一般原则,尽管欧盟基础性法律并未明确规定合同自由原则,但这一原则也内蕴于欧盟基础性法律之中。自治是欧盟法的一项一般原则,但当欧盟基础性和派生性法律的规定所保护的客体地位与合同自由齐平甚至更高时,自治原则就在某种程度上受到欧盟基础性和派生性法律规则的限制。

Primary European Union law originally did not expressly guarantee the autonomy of economic actors,but it presupposed it in its legal rules.Article 3(3)TEU requires as the basis for the internal market'a highly competitive social market economy'.European Union law is not a comprehensive legal order,but builds on the legal systems of the Member States.Freedom of contract is a general principle in the national laws of the Member States,and underlies(though it is not explicitly stated to underlie)primary Union law.'Autonomy'is a general principle of EU law,as will be shown later,but is to some extent limited by legal rules of primary and secondary law protecting objectives which are regarded as having a higher or at least equal ranking.