青藏地区草原旅游生态负效益评价及其补偿研究

ON THE EVALUATION AND COMPENSATION MECHANISM OF TOURISM ECOLOGICAL NEGATIVE BENEFIT IN TIBET-QINGHAI GRASSLAND

基于对玛曲草原的实地调查,评价青藏地区草原旅游业的生态负效益,分析旅游收益对生态负效益的补偿能力以及旅游生态负效益的补偿现状。研究表明:文化参与旅游模式的生态负效益补偿能力最强,其次是游览观光模式,再次是休闲度假模式;在旅游业实际运营中,旅游生态负效益并未得到有效补偿。建议通过以下途径形成青藏地区草原旅游业生态负效益补偿的保障机制:选择生态负效益小的旅游运营模式以降低旅游生态负效益补偿难度;建立旅游生态负效益补偿督促制度;提高旅游经营者的生态补偿意愿;落实资源集体所有制并让集体成员参与资源股分红以扩大旅游收益对减畜还草的促进作用;政府加大二次分配力度以将部分旅游收益用于生态修复;为旅游业受益增设减畜还草等生态建设附加条件。

In order to reconcile the contradiction between tourism development and ecological protection in Tibet-Qinghai grassland,it is necessary to make up the ecological negative benefit from tourism.Three tourism spots in Maqu Grassland were chosen as examples for this study.Based on the field investigation,the degree of grassland degradation and environment pollution status in the study areas were measured,and according to this,the ecological negative benefits caused by tourism were evaluated.Then the tourism revenues that can be used as compensation for ecological loss caused by tourism in the study areas were quantified.With comparative analysis between tourism ecological negative benefits and tourism revenues that can be used to compensate ecological loss,the ability of tourism earnings making up tourism ecological negative benefit in each studied area was estimated.The result showed that under the same economic output condition,the ecological negative benefit of cultural participation reception tourism mode was the lowest;that of sightseeing reception tourism mode was higher and that of leisure vocation reception tourism mode was the highest.Thus,the cultural participation reception tourism has the greatest ability to make up its ecological negative benefit;the second is sightseeing reception tourism,and the third is leisure vocation reception tourism.If the appropriate percentage of tourism revenues were used in grasslands ecology constructing to make up the tourism ecological negative benefits,then the tourism ecological negative benefits in studied areas could be made up some years later.Under the current tourism operating mode and the ecological compensation willingness of tour operators,for Gesaer Horse Racing Center,which runs cultural participation reception,it needs 9years operation to make up the tourism ecological negative benefit;for Gongqu Wetland and Sangqing Vocational Village,which separately runs sightseeing reception and leisure vocation reception,it respectively needs 35 years and 42 years to do this.By investigating the actual status of tourism ecological negative benefits made up in the study areas,this study found that during the actual operation of Tibet-Qinghai grassland tourism,the tourism ecological negative benefit was not made up effectively.In order to promote the compensating for tourism ecological negative benefit in Tibet-Qinghai grassland,the following suggestions were put forth:to select the tourism operating model that has lower ecological negative benefit to reduce the difficulty of compensating for tourism ecological negative benefit;to establish the supervision system on ecological loss compensation;to increase the willingness for making up ecological negative benefit to improve the proportion of tourism revenues that can be used as compensation for ecological loss;to implement collective ownership of grassland resources to make regional collective members get share profit from tourism resources,and this could preferably make tourism revenues do more function of reducing livestock numbers to relieve the ecological pressures on grassland;to exert government function in redistribution of tourism income to use part of tourism revenues in ecological restoration;to set attached conditions concerned with ecological construction for stakeholders getting benefit from grassland tourism such as reducing livestock numbers and so on.