国内市场规模扩张的方言壁垒及其出口效应——基于本地市场效应的视角

Dialect Barriers to Domestic Market Scale Expansion and Their Export Effects

方言壁垒从成本和偏好这两个方面加剧了国内市场的地方分割,从而限制了中国企业的本地市场效应与规模经济效应的发挥,削弱了中国出口的竞争力,这在"逆全球化"的背景下尤其需要引起重视。文章利用中国方言数据测算了不同县级层面的共同方言市场规模,并结合中国工业企业数据库,从本地市场效应的角度,就中国企业国内市场规模扩张的方言壁垒及其出口效应进行了实证分析。基于分组回归与双重差分法的研究发现:(1)共同方言市场规模的扩大对于更具规模经济的行业出口在扩展边际与集约边际上具有更大的促进作用,这有助于更具规模经济行业中的企业发挥本地市场规模的优势。(2)方言是造成中国地区市场分割的重要因素,方言形成的壁垒限制了中国企业的本地市场效应的发挥,进而抑制了中国规模报酬递增部门的出口与发展。因此,突破不同地区在文化与语言上的无形壁垒是进一步推进区域均衡发展战略的重点,而全面形成国内统一的大市场格局是中国企业发挥本地市场与规模经济优势的关键。

Since the reform and opening up,China’s domestic market has experienced serious market segmentation problems between regions.Forming a unified domestic market pattern is the key to bringing into full play the advantages of the local market and economies of scale in China,and breaking through the invisible barriers of culture and language in different regions is the key to further promoting the strategy of balanced regional development.As an important non-institutional factor,the invisible barriers formed by dialects hinder the formation of large national markets from two aspects of cost and preference,and inhibit the exertion of the local market effect and scale economies effect of enterprises,resulting in the decline of export competitiveness of industries with increasing returns to scale.Based on the data of Chinese industrial enterprises and dialects,this paper calculates the scale of the common dialect market in different county-level administrative regions of China,and constructs an econometric model to test the impact of the common dialect market on the extensive margin and intensive margin of enterprise export expansion.It examines the export effect of the common dialect market from the perspectives of the grouping analysis of economies of scale and DID analysis.This paper finds that the expansion of the common dialect market scale will not only lead to the increase of the number of enterprises in the industry with increasing returns to scale,but also lead to the expansion of the scale of enterprises,and promote the expansion of enterprises in the industry with increasing returns to scale on the extensive margin and intensive margin.After estimating the DID model based on the industry-level scale return coefficient and the capital resale rate,this paper also confirms the export effect brought by the expansion of the common dialect market scale.The expansion of the common dialect market scale has significant scale economy bias characteristics on the export of enterprises,which will lead to the export structure of our country more inclined to the industry with increasing scale return.It is conducive to the development of economies of scale.From the perspective of dialects,this paper enriches the research on the local market effect and the influence of market segmentation on exports,and provides important evidence for the mechanism of dialects affecting economic performance.The conclusions of this paper are helpful to use the economies of scale obtained by breaking the barriers of dialects to form the new momentum of China’s foreign trade,and also point out that the conflicts and problems between preserving cultural markers and economic development should be well handled.