国企环境、体制身份与人口迁移

State-owned Enterprises,Institutional Identity and Population Migration

制度环境是影响个体迁移决策的重要因素,国有环境作为重要的地区环境特征,其如何影响人力资本的自由流动是有待检验的重要命题。文章通过匹配中国劳动力动态调查(CLDS)与中国工业企业数据库,利用出生户籍和家庭背景定义体制身份,实证分析发现:国企比重对不同体制身份个体迁移行为的影响存在异质性。城市国企环境会吸聚本地具有体制身份的高学历人群,而对低学历人群和没有体制身份的高学历人群则缺乏这种吸聚效应。从迁移行为的发生年龄看,20—30岁初次就业阶段群体的迁移行为,更易受国企环境和体制身份的影响。体制身份的这种影响在1998年国企改革之前更加明显,改革之后尽管还存在影响但影响程度显著下降,表明国企改革降低了国有环境对个体迁移行为的影响。为了克服内生性并阐释国企环境的长期影响,文章使用建国初期苏联援建中国项目作为国企指标的工具变量,两阶段估计结果显示上述结论依然稳健。文章研究结论表明,传统国企环境导致了不同体制身份个体的差异化迁移行为,影响了人力资本市场化流动,而国企改革有助于改善人力资本的合理配置。

Institutional environment is an important factor affecting individual migration decision-making.As an important regional environmental feature,how the state-owned environment affects the free flow of population is an important proposition to be tested.This paper matches the Chinese Labor Dynamics Survey(CLDS)and the China Annual Survey of Industrial Firm,and using the birth registration and family background to define the institutional identity.Empirical analysis shows that the impact of the proportion of stateowned enterprises on the migration behavior of individuals with different institutional identity is heterogeneous.The urban SOE environment will attract high-educated population with local institutional identities,while low-educated population and high-educated population without institutional status lack this absorption effect.Besides,the migration behavior of the group from the initial employment stage of 20-30-year-old is more susceptible to the state-owned environmental and institutional status.This effect of institutional identity was more pronounced before the reform of state-owned enterprises in 1998.Although it still existed after the reform,the degree of this effect dropped significantly,indicating that the reform of state-owned enterprises reduced the impact of the state-owned environment on individual migration behavior.In order to overcome the endogeneity and explain the long-term effect of the state-owned environment,using the Soviet aid-building China projects in the early days of the founding of China as an instrument variable for SOE indicators,the two-stage estimation results show that the above conclusions are still stable.The conclusions of this paper show that the traditional state-owned enterprises’environment leads to the differential migration behavior of individuals with different institutional status,which affects the marketization of human capital,and the reform of state-owned enterprises helps to improve the rational allocation of human capital.