摘要
Although plenty of studies and reports have been written on the subject of Chinese human rights from liberal and socialist perspectives,their common weakness is that they are colored with ideological assumptions that will be disputed by the opposite side.Their evaluation of Chinese human rights is thus incapable of bringing about a meeting of minds between the liberal West and socialist China.In particular,liberal and socialist writers disagree ideologically on what primarily defines us as human beings,which leads to diverging interpretations of how the rights of human beings are supposed to be implemented in practice.Liberal writers define human beings through free will and rational thought which leads to greater emphasis on rights related to an individual's mind(mainly CPR),while socialist writers define them through their social relations and their material living conditions,leading to greater emphasis on rights that improve the social and material environment(mainly ESCR).The consequence of this ideological division is that Western liberals and Chinese socialists are essentially talking past each other when it comes to human rights.
西方国家经常批评中国政府对公民权利的保障不足,特别是对于言论自由、思想自由和宗教自由。作为回应,中国政府会指出其在经济和社会权利方面取得的巨大成就,特别是对于扶贫、医疗、住房和教育的投入。为了将中国政府人权政策整合成便于讨论和比较的范式,本文先分析政府白皮书和官方陈词,然后通过集体主义、唯物主义和主权主义这三个特性来界定"中国人权模式"。接下来,本文使用三个思想上中立的基准来检验该模式是否正当:效益性、合法性和相容性。通过对比同一发展阶段的自由主义国家,本文论证该模式的绩效超过平均水平,因此具有效益上的正当性。通过评估指控该模式违反国际法的案件的胜诉可能性,本文主张其也具有法律上的正当性。不过,本文发现中国的人权本土化主张与其人权的世界普遍适用理想难以相容。因此,论文的大部分内容致力于分析中国人权模式能否与人权概念的相容问题。本文指出,由于认识论上相持,世界人权宣言同时接受了自由主义和社会主义对人权的观点。因此,中国人权模式虽然同自然权利论难以相容,但仍能同国际上广为接受的人权内涵相容。这也意味着,中国人权模式有哲学上的正当性。最后,本文进一步探讨了以下问题:中国人权模式能否具有国际影响力,中国政治体系将来能否自由化,如何将中西方的人权模式加以调和,等等。
