核安全与防扩散:挑战与应对

Nuclear Security and Nonproliferation:Challenges and Remedies

冷战结束之初,国际社会即已开始关注核安全问题,但当时主要是为了防范核材料、核武器向国家扩散,恐怖分子不是关注重点。"9·11"恐怖袭击之后,核安全成为国际防扩散机制的重要议题之一。在核安全方面,国际社会面临多重挑战,包括恐怖分子获取核材料或者核武器的意愿和能力日益上升、核材料和核武器的存量惊人且比较分散、核武器和核材料的保安状况不佳等。为应对这些挑战,各国需要提高核安全意识、逐步降低核材料与核武器库存、加强并且升级核武器与核材料保安、建立有效的出口管制制度并加强海关、边检的侦测与拦截能力。只有各国在国家层次上加强核安全,并在国际层次展开深层的合作,核安全作为从源头防止核武器、核材料扩散的重要手段才能发挥真正的效用。

Ever since the end of Cold.War,nuclear security became an issue of concern. However,those efforts invested on nuclear security took national state rather than terrorists as the focus of attention.The alert of a possible nuclear terrorist attack is not raised to an appropriate level until September 11,2001.From then on,nuclear security becomes a component of international nonproliferation regimes.Until now there remain multiple challenges in nuclear security,including the terrorists' increasing willingness and capability to acquire nuclear bombs or fissile materials,the scattered surprisingly large stockpile of nuclear warheads and fissile materials,the poorly guarded nuclear materials and not well managed protection of nuclear bombs,etc..In order to address these challenges,every country is supposed to raise the awareness of the importance in strengthening nuclear security,to reduce the inventory of nuclear warheads and fissile materials at a faster pace,to strengthen and upgrade related security measures,to create an effective export control system and to strengthen customs and border detection and interception capability. Only when countries strengthen nuclear security at national level,and deepen cooperation in this regard at international level,can nuclear security play an important and effective role in curbing nuclear proliferation.