黄淮麦区冬小麦超高产栽培的理论与实践

Theory and Practice on Cultivation of Super High Yield of Winter Wheat in the Wheat Fields of Yellow River and Huaihe River Districts

根据黄淮麦区的生态特点 ,研究了冬小麦超高产 (hm2 产 90 0 0 kg籽粒 )栽培的理论与技术。结果指出 ,于土肥水条件良好的高产麦田 ,在建立合理群体结构的基础上 ,小麦开花至成熟阶段的干物质积累和分配与植株生育后期早衰的矛盾 ,是高产 (hm2 产 6 0 0 0～ 75 0 0 kg籽粒 )向超高产发展的主要限制因素。揭示了高产条件下小麦的衰老规律 ,划分衰老阶段 ,探索出延长缓衰期、缩短速衰期、保持较长的光合速率高值持续期 ,生物产量和经济系数同步提高的小麦由高产达到超高产的途径。研究出包括建立具有超高产潜力的两种类型品种的合理的群体结构和产量结构 ,氮肥后移 ,根据超高产麦田需肥特点施用氮、磷、钾、硫元素 。

According to the ecological characteristics in the wheat fields of Yellow River and Huaihe River district, the cultivation theory and technique of super high yield of winter whet (9000 kg kernel weight per hm 2) were studied. The results showed that in the high yield wheat fields(6000~7500 kg kernel weight per hm 2)with favorable soil, fertilizer and water conditions, based on the reasonable colony structure of wheat, the main limited factor for development from high yield to super high yield is the contradiction between accumulation and distribution of dry matter and early senescence of plant during the period from anthesis to maturity. This studies brought to light the law of wheat plant senescence, divided the phase of wheat plant senescence, explored the way from high yield to super high yield including prolonging slow senescence phase, reducing rapid senescence phase, keeping longer high value duration of photosynthesis rate and in step with increment of biological yield and economic index. The cultivation technique system is established, They were reasonable colony structure and yield component of two typies varieties with super high yield potential; time of nitrogen topdressing changed from getting up stage to jointing stage; according to nutritive characteristics of super high yield wheat fields to supply the fertilizer of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur; developing soil fertility to come up to the soil fertility standard of super high yield.