从先秦儒家之“性”看牟宗三关于宋明理学“三系说”

An Analysis on Mou Zong-san’s Viewpoint about Three Schools of Neo-Confucianism in View of the Nature of Pre-Qin Confucianists

先秦儒家皆以生言性,讲天道下贯为性,人亦当尽性以回证天道,由上而下,又由下而上。故孔子言践仁以知性;孟子言尽心知性知天;《中庸》言"天命之谓性,率性之谓道,修道之谓教";《易传》言穷神知化,穷理尽性以至于命,其思想发展理路是一脉相承的。牟宗三正是依据宋明儒者是否沿先秦儒家此一理路进学而将宋明理学分为五峰蕺山系、象山阳明系、伊川朱子系,并将伊川朱子视为"继别为宗"。

The pre-Qin Confucianists believe that nature is born. They think that what heaven confers is called nature and people should exhaust heaven-endowed nature in order to justify nature. Therefore, Confucius holds that we can know human nature by practicing benevolence. Mencius thinks that we can know nature and heaven by exhausting mental constitution. Doctrine of the mean says, 'What Heaven confers is called nature. Accordance with this nature is called the Way. Cultivating the Way is called education.' Yi Zhuan says, 'Explore thoroughly and logos and the intrinsic character to get the natural regulations.' Their thoughts are consistent. Mou Zong-san puts Neo-Confucianism into three schools, and regarded the schools of Wu Feng Ji Shan and Xiang Shan Yang Ming as the orthodox schools of Confucianism, but the school of Yi Chuan Zhu Zi as branch roads.