商业银行托管业务法律问题与法律风险

The Legal Problems and Risks of Bank's Custody Business

商业银行托管业务的法律依据整体上缺乏明确性和统一性,导致在业务实践中产生一些未决问题。从法律依据、法律主体以及权利义务来看,对商业银行托管业务的法律关系做统一定性存在障碍。在以托管人作为当事方而签署的协议中,主要依据当事方主体构成特征,可将商业银行托管业务分为二元结构和三元结构。从现有法律环境出发,除证券投资基金托管为信托关系外,其余托管业务宜界定为受国家干预的委托关系。商业银行托管业务中的法律风险主要包括与托管人独立性问题相关的法律风险、托管人监督职责问题引发的法律风险和关联关系引发的法律风险等。

Overally,the legal basis for the custody business of commercial bank lacks of clarity and uniformity,which results in some problems unresolved in practice.In view of legal basis,entity,rights and obligations,there are some obstacles to give a unified identification of the legal relationships of bank's custody business.In an agreement signed by custodian as party,the custody business of commercial bank can be divided into binary structure and ternary structure according to the characteristics of the party.In the existing legal environment,custody business should be defined as a fiduciary relationship intervened by the state,except for the custody of security investment fund which is a trust relationship.The main legal risks in the custody business of commercial banks includes the legal risks related to custodian's independence,the legal risks triggered by the problem of custodian's supervision duty and the legal risks triggered by association relationship.