垄断和反垄断的市场秩序

Market Order of Monopoly and Anti-monopoly

现代经济实践提出的课题是对垄断不能一概否认,需要区分两类市场的垄断。一类是行业垄断,也就是在完整行业内形成的独家垄断。行业垄断形成有两种情况,一种是自然垄断,一种完全是由政府管制的原因造成的垄断(即行政垄断)。在这里可以将行业垄断定义为限制进入市场的垄断。这里的反垄断内容很明显,由非自然垄断原因(行政垄断)产生的行业垄断应该打破,其途径就是打破政府管制;而自然垄断行业在维持垄断的同时需要引入竞争。另一类是在没有全行业垄断的市场上的垄断,也就是在非限制进入(即自由进入)的市场上的企业垄断。这里主要是指在某个细分的市场和产品上具有垄断势力的企业垄断。在这里,垄断很大程度上是效率提高和组织演变的结果。一定范围的垄断形成可能降低和克服交易成本,形成有组织的市场,这是垄断的正面相应。在这里的反垄断就不是一般的对反垄断形成,而是要反其利用垄断地位所采取的反竞争、操纵市场的行为。

The challenges that practice of modern economics put forward is that we can not merely deny monopoly,instead,we should distinguish two kinds of market monopoly.One kind is industrial monopoly,namely the exclusive monopoly formed in the whole industries.There are two kinds of ways in forming the industrial monopoly,natural monopoly and administrative monopoly,and the latter is the result of government regulation.It is obvious that the administrative monopoly should be broken by deregulation and it should maintain monopoly as well as introduce the mechanism of competition into the field of natural monopoly.The other kind of monopoly is not in the whole industry,and it is the monopoly in the nonrestrictive market.It refers to the monopoly in the market subdivision and on the product which has the monopoly forces.To a great extent,this kind of monopoly is the result of efficiency improvement and organization evolution.In a sense,monopoly can reduce and avoid transaction cost and form an organic market.This is the positive effect.Anti-monopoly is not just against the formation of the monopoly,but against the conduction of anti-competition and market control by way of monopoly status.