财产权制度的经济构造

The Economic Structure of the System of Property Right

财产权属于私人自治的领域,是确定对经济物品的个人自由领域的制度。和无政府状态比起来,确立财产权制度从而确定财产权利归属主体有利于增加社会的总生产和总消费,因此社会成员更为幸福。财产权制度可分为不存在排他性的支配权,所有的人自由地参与关于该财物的使用、收益的;以及存在排他性支配权,限制和禁止一般人对该财物的自由的使用和收益。排他性支配权的确立本身会把外部效果内部化,提高资源利用的有效性。从财产权制度的经济性功能或者效果动态性来看,提供对资源的有效的、合理的投资的吸引来防止对于资源的过少投资倾向,引导合适、合理的投资;在静态的观点下看,外部效果内部化防止对资源的过度使用或者过度开采。在财产权制度确立时,存在关于引进相关的成本与效益比率,随着这成本与效益比率的变化,决定特定的财产权制度出现还是被消灭。那么,决定财产权制度的产生或消灭的成本与效益比率的因素总体来看有三个因素:技术变化与开拓新市场;资源的相对稀少性的变化;国家的性格和能力。在两个财产权互相冲突对立的情况下,法政策上存在两种问题:第一,把权益权赋予给何方,对谁认可其财产的权益而对谁追侵害财产权的责任。为了解决此问题我们会涉及到两个标准,其一是效率性标准,另一是衡平性标准。第二,是这样确定下来的权益权应当依什么样的法律手段来进行保护的问题。从理论上看一般可举三种法律的保护手段,即物权的保护原则、损害赔偿原则和不可让的原则。

Property right belongs to the domain of private autonomy,and determines the freedom of private person on the economic goods.Comparing with anarchy,the establishment of system of property right and determining the ownership of property is benefit for the increasing of the totel production and comsumption of the socirty.Therefore,the member of the society will be better off.There are two kinds of property right.The one is non-exclusive dominant right,which allow all the people to ultize specific property to earn proceeds;the other is exclusive dominant right,which prohibit or restrict the general to use or earn profit from the owner’s property.The establishment of exclusive dominant right is helpful to internalize the external effects,and improve the effection of the use of resource.From the dynamic perspective,the economic function of the system of property right is to provide effective and reasonable investment to the ultilization of resources,so that it will prevent the trend of over decentralization of investment to the resources and conduct reasonable investment.From the static perspective,internalizing the external effects can prevent overexploitation or overultilization of resources.As determining a system of property right,we should consider the ratio between cost and efficiency.The change of this ratio,determine the establishment or cancellation of a system of property.So there are three factors determining the ratio between cost and efficiency:the change of technology and the development of new market;the relatively scarce of resources;the character and capacity of a country.When two kinds of property right conflicts,there are two issues on the illegal policy.The first,endow the entitlement to which party,acknowlege the right of which party and who would be responsible for damages.To solve this problem,two standard will be involved.The one is efficiency criteria,the other is equity criteria.The second is how to protect the property right.Theoretically,there are three legal rules to provie protection to property right:property rule,liability rule and inalienability rule.