豆科植物疯草中内生真菌及其作用

An overview of study on legume plant locoweed endophyte

含有以苦马豆素为主要有毒成分的黄芪属(Astragalus)和棘豆属(Oxytropis)植物统称为疯草,引致家畜疯病,会造成巨大的经济损失。最早于1999年在疯草中发现内生真菌,属豆科植物上最先发现的内生真菌,也是疯草毒性的主要原因。截至2013年年底,全世界共在15种疯草上发现了内生真菌,包括7种棘豆属疯草和8种黄芪属疯草。疯草内生真菌的分类地位从链格孢属(Alternaria)到埃里砖格孢属(Embellisia),几经变迁,于2009年为其确立了新属——波浪芽管孢属(Undifilum),目前该属有4个种,其中3种为疯草内生真菌,而大部分疯草中的内生真菌尚未定种。揭示疯草内生真菌的分布、产孢、传播等生物学特性是制定防控家畜疯草病发生的重要依据,本文就疯草内生真菌的生境、宿主、形态、生理和分子生物学等方面的研究加以综述,梳理了从事相关研究应关注的重点。

Locoweed is a common name for the poisonous plants of Astragalus and Oxytropis genera which have swainsonine and cause some livestock clinical disorders,such as locoism.Locoweed has caused enormous economic loss to many countries such as China and USA.Endophytes were firstly discovered and isolated from locoweed in 1999 which was also the first report about endophyte in legume plants and explained the reason about the poison of locoweed.Since then,15 species of locoweed around the world have been identified as the host of endophyte,including 7species in Oxytropis genus and 8species in Astragalus genus.The taxonomy of locoweed endophyte has go through changes which was first identified as Alterna ria,and was replaced in Embellisia based on its morphology characters by Braun in 2003 and further was rename as Undifilum-a total new genus in 2009.Until now,there are total 4species in this genus in which 3species are locoweed endophytes.Most of the isolated locoweed endophytes have not been identified and named.The studies about biological characteristics of locoweed endophyte,such as distribution,sporulation and transmission are critical reference for controlling the locoism of livestock.This paper reviewed the researches about the habitats,hosts,morphology,physiology and molecular biology of locoweed endophyte,and put forward some highlights that should be paid more attentions in the future researches.