免除刑事责任:通向割断犯罪和刑罚必然联系的路径——俄罗斯刑法应对和预防犯罪的另一种制度安排

Exempt from Criminal Liability:the Way to Cut Off the Inevitable Link Between Crime and Punishment in the Russian Criminal Code

免除刑事责任是在行为构成犯罪的情况下,对犯罪后符合刑法规定的事由和条件的犯罪人,由相应国家机关及其代表人员在未审判前的任何一个诉讼阶段,免除其依据刑法应该承担的强制性措施及其后果的刑法规范和制度。俄罗斯现行刑法典总则规定了免除刑事责任的一般事由和条件,分则相关条文的附注就免除特定犯罪的刑事责任做了具体规定,而免除刑事责任的有权机关、人员和程序则在其刑事诉讼法典中予以规定。免除刑事责任制度意图通过激励和妥协的方式即非刑罚的方式应对和预防犯罪,是俄罗斯刑法通向割断犯罪和刑罚必然联系的一种路径尝试。其产生于苏联传统的刑法实践,但与传统不同的是,现行刑法规定的免除刑事责任与刑事责任区别化的刑法政策密切相关,蕴涵现代法治语境下刑法对公正、人道及和谐价值的解读与追求。免除刑事责任制度在俄罗斯立法中的发展和司法实践中的广泛应用,证明其是一项存在瑕疵但却有效和具有生命力的刑法制度,符合国际社会刑法发展的基本方向,值得研究和借鉴。

To exempt from criminal liability is opposite to give criminal sanctions.The general provisions of the current Russian Criminal Code provide the subject matter and the general conditions to exempt from criminal liability.The Specific provisions provides special circumstances and conditions for exempting from criminal liability,while Russian Criminal Procedure Code provide the authorities and the staff who have the right to decide to exempt from criminal liability and the specific procedure.Exempting from criminal liability is on the condition that acts constitute a crime,on behalf of the relevant state organs and their staff,in any one of the pre-trial stages of the proceedings,exempt from the mandatory measures and consequences according to the criminal law on the condition that the offender had committed acts which is conform with the criminal code.Therefore,the author think of it as a way to cut off the inevitable link between crime and punishment in the Russian Criminal Code.The exempting from criminal liability system comes from the traditional practice of the Soviet Vnion criminal law.But it is different from traditional one,the exempting system in the existing criminal law provisions of the legislation is closely with the criminal law policy which is to be accomplished by the legislators.This reflects the criminal thoughts of justice and humanity and harmony in modern'rule of law'society. Hence,in the writer's opinion,from the point of pursuit of justice and the application of practice,the exempting from criminal liability system is a flawed but dynamic system.To some degree,it cloud be a reference to our country' s criminal law reform and development.