大陆法系国家刑法理论中的“共犯与消极身份”

Negative Status and Accomplice in the Criminal Law Theory of Civil Law Nations

消极身份是阻却犯罪成立的身份。混合的惹起说是妥当的共犯的处罚根据。在大陆法系,解决"共犯与消极身份"的问题表面系于"共犯与身份"专条的适用,实则围绕共犯的处罚根据展开。无阻却构成要件的身份者加功有阻却构成要件的身份者,有无身份者都不成立犯罪;相反,无身份者单独成立犯罪。无阻却违法的身份者加功有阻却违法的身份者,无身份者成立间接正犯;相反,无身份者单独成立犯罪。至于阻却责任、刑罚的身份的情形,有无身份者彼此加功的,适用"共犯与身份"专条,消极身份并不影响共犯的成立。犯罪人与第三人共同掩饰自己犯罪的,应以缺乏期待可能性为解释的基本立场。

It is Negative Status that cause the crime could not be contented exceptionally.The mixed-causing view is the proper foundation of Accomplice.In Civil law,in order to deal with the question of Status and Accomplice,it is seemed to resort to the Status and Accomplice Article,but really lied on the proper foundation of Accomplice.When A without Negative Status of Tatbestand takes part in the act of B with Negative Status of Tatbestand,both of their acts could not be viewed as crimes;on the contrary,the act of A is crime.When A without Negative Status of illegality takes part in the act of B with Negative Status of illegality,A is a Indirect offender;on the contrary,A is a direct offender.on the occasion of Negative Status of Culpability or Penalty, there is a chance to resort to the Status and Accomplice Article.When the offender and others commonly conceal the crime,it should be grounded on zumutbarkeit to explain.