中国移植苏联民法模式考

Transplanting the Soviet Model of Civil Law Code to China

本文以新中国第一次民法典草案为研究文本 ,对新中国民法移植 1 92 2年《苏俄民法典》模式的内容做了具体的考证。研究表明 ,新中国一些重要的民法制度和原则———民法主要调整财产关系、规定公民为民事主体、强调国家财产的不可流转性、注重保障国家财产所有权、计划合同占据重要地位、强调债的实际履行原则———都是移植苏联民事立法和民法理论的结果 ;同时 ,法定继承人范围及被继承人配偶的继承顺位的确定也受到了影响。虽然新中国第一次民法草案并没有全盘照搬苏联模式 ,也并没有即刻形成正式的民法典 ,但这种影响一直延续至今。

Based on the first draft of the Civil Law Code of the People's Republic of China this paper examines specifically what was transplanted from the Civil Law Code of the USSR enacted in 1922. A number of China's important civil law institutions and principles are shown to have derived from this transplantation, for example, the main purpose of the civil law being the regulation of property relationships; the stipulation of citizens as civil subjects; the emphasis on the non negotiability of state property; safeguarding state property ownership; predominance of planned contracts; and stressing the principles of performance of obligations. In addition, the determination of the scope of heirs apparent and the order of the deceased's spouse in the list of heirs at law also came under Soviet influence. Although the first draft of the Civil Law Code of China did not copy the Soviet model and was not officially put into force the influence has lasted to this day.