蕴涵、预设与句子的理解

Implication, presupposition and the understanding of sentences

句子的意义是许多因素组成的.有些意义是句子本身表达的,有些意义是语境表达的.句子本身表达的意义有直接表达的,也有依据句子推断或分析出来的,后者包括蕴涵和预设.蕴涵包括严格蕴涵和实质蕴涵.用"如果"的复句有的表达充分条件,有的表达必要条件,宜分成两小类.预设不同于前提.前提是句外提供的条件,预设是依据句子分析出来的,许多语法现象宜用预设来解释.

The meaning of a sentence is determined by various factors. It is expressed either by the sentence itself or by context. In the former case, the meaning may be understood directly or by inference or analysis while in the latter, the meaning is implied or presupposed by context. Two kinds of implication are identified: strict implication and material implication. The rúguǒ-clause in a complex sentence, sometimes denotes sufficient condition, and sometimes prerequisite condition. Presupposition is different from premise because premise is a condition that is not included in the sentence whereas presupposition is one out of analysis of the sentence. Presupposition is suitable to explain many grammatical phenomena.