进化论与心理学及主体性——西方心理学史的一个新的理解之维

Evolutionary Theory, Psychology, and Subjectivity --A New Dimension for Understanding the Historical Development of Western Psychology

在人类学术思想史背景中 ,进化论和主体性构成了相互分离的两个不同的论题。但由于心理学与它们都具有密切联系 ,二者在心理学中实现了相互结合。在心理学诞生的初期 ,它直接承袭了传统哲学的“错误”的主体性观念。因此 ,当进化论向心理学渗透之后 ,它必将以与否定上帝创世说同样的方式否定传统哲学的主体性观念 ,从而使心理学的理论基础趋于崩溃。但是 ,心理学作为关于人类意识的科学研究 ,必然要关涉人的主体性 ,从而决定了它在 2 0世纪后期普遍地向主体性回归的发展趋势。通过对这三者之间关系的阐释 ,既为理解西方心理学史提供一个新的视角或维度 ,又对主体性的理论建构提出一个新的理论设想。

Historically, psychology has been closely interconnected with both the theory of evolution and the idea of subjectivity, though the latter two have always been isolated themes developing in their respective intellectual backgrounds. At its beginning as an independent science, psychology inherited from modern philosophy.The latter's idea of subjectivity which was a historical error and , when confronted with the theory of evolution in psychology, denied the same way as the idea of God,was, thus,destroying the very foundation of psychology. Psychology as the science of human consciousness, however, is necessarily concerned with human subjectivity. It is this disciplinary nature that determines the historical trend of returning to subjectivity for psychology in its late twentieth century development, though this subjectivity is no longer the traditional philosophical idea of subjectivity.