中国教育民营化及其困境——河北办学体制改革高中案例

Dilemma for Privatization of Education in China:Case Studies of High Schools in Hebei Province

"办学体制改革"是利用民办机制对于公立学校进行改造的一种努力。河北省从1998年开始对一批公立高中进行了民营化改革,采取两种主要形式:一种是由知名的公立高中举办一所按照民营机制运行的分校;另外一种是按照民营机制对于现有公立高中进行整体性改造。针对上面两种形式,本文分别选择了河北实验中学和徐水一中作为案例,探讨中国教育民营化所面对的困境。通过对上述两所学校在管理、教学、财务、教师聘任和生源方面的分析,有如下几个研究发现:第一,政府只下放了扩大规模和自行解决办学经费不足问题的责任,但是却没有下放在财务、人事、教学方面的办学自主权,使得学校无法走出应试教育的"围城";第二,实行了"超成本补偿"的政策,即学生所缴纳的学费不仅补偿了在学期间学校的全部运行成本,而且还是学校完成新的基本建设的经费来源;第三,在解决高收费、乱收费、欠债等问题时,政府受制于科层铁律,使得办学体制又回到改革前的原点,唯一保留下来的是学费制度;第四,微观层面的办学体制改革方向与宏观层面的国家财政预算制度以及人事制度改革方向相背离,学校本身的公立合法性以及相应的利益诉求,阻碍了民营化办学体制改革的推进。

'Reform of School System'means using market rules to reform public school system.In 1998,a few public high schools were privatized in He bei Province in two forms:elite public high schools created private branches,ex isting public high schools transformed into private ones.This paper selects two cases corresponding two said types.The first case is Experimental School of He bei Province,and the other is No.1 Secondary School of Xushui County.The two cases reflect dilemma of privatization of education in China.We got the follow ing conclusions after studying administration,teaching and learning,financial management,teachers'management,and student admission factors.Firstly,be cause the local government only delegated obligation of mobilizing resources but not autonomy,the two schools could not escape from examination-oriented sys tem other public schools suffering.Secondly,all reform schools adopt extra-cost recovery policy.They surcharge tuition fees more than the total costs of educa tion.Students even contribute to the campus capital construction.Thirdly,facing issues of unreasonable charge,debt etc.,the government tried to apply bureau cratic maneuvers.This governmental action pulled reforming schools back to the public track,and tuition charge is the only exceptional survival.Fourthly,re form at macro level is contradictory to stakeholders'interest at micro level.Pub lic legitimacy and authorities became the obstacle of privatization reform.