教育创新为何会失败:基于要素和过程的分析

Why Educational Innovation Fails:An Analysis on the Elements and Process of Innovation

教育创新是将新的教育观念、制度和做法引入日常教育活动,以更有效地实现既定教育目的的过程。在此过程中,创新的类型、主体和客体三个要素以及创新的发起、采纳、实施和制度化四个阶段对于教育创新的成败产生了重大影响。从创新的类型来说,持续性创新限定了变革者的视野范围和行为方式,从而在突破性创新的攻击下遭遇失败;从创新的主体来说,路径依赖和自我强化限定了变革者的选择范围和行动策略,从而迫使作为越轨行为的创新回到老路;从创新的客体来说,制度逻辑和场域结构设定了教育创新的行动框架,从而使得任何单方面的改变都难以成功。在创新的发起阶段,形式主义和象征主义会诱使创新误入歧途;在采纳阶段,有限理性和囚徒困境会造成组织放弃最好的创新方案;在实施阶段,实践逻辑和能力缺失会造成教育创新难以推进;在制度化阶段,个人特质和环境变迁会造成教育创新难以稳固持久。

Educational innovation is to introduce new educational ideas,systems and practices into ordinary educational activities in order to achieve given educational aims more efficiently.In the course of implementing innovation,three elements of innovation(i.e.category,subject and object)and four stages(i.e.initiation,adoption,implementation and institutionalization)of innovation have significant impact on whether the innovation can be successful.In terms of category,sustainable innovation restricts the outlook and behavioral mode of the change agents;in terms of subject,path dependence and self reinforcement restrict the choice and strategies of change agents;in terms of object,institutional logic and field configuration set the framework for educational innovation,making any one-sided change unsuccessful.In the stage of initiation,formalism and symbolism could lead innovation astray;in the stage of adoption,bounded rationality and prisoner's dilemma could make organizations quit the optimal change plan;in the stage of implementation,logic of practice and inadequate capacity could stymie innovation;in the stage of institutionalization,personality and situation change could destabilize and interrupt innovation.